What Determines an Object's Transparency and Reflectivity?

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The transparency, translucency, or opacity of an object is determined by its atomic structure and how it interacts with photons of different energy levels. When photons are absorbed by atoms, they can be re-emitted in specific directions, influencing the material's optical properties. Reflection occurs when re-radiated photons exit the same side of the atom that they entered. Understanding these interactions provides insight into the behavior of electromagnetic (EM) rays with various materials. Further clarification and formulas can enhance this foundational knowledge.
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What is the factor that determines whether an object will be transparent, translucent, or opaque?
Also, what makes reflecting surfaces reflect EM rays?
 
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Both factors are based upon how the atomic structure of the material interacts with photons of various energy levels (frequencies). Photons are absorbed by atoms, then new ones radiated in some specific direction. Reflection entails the re-radiated particles coming out the same side of the atom that the originals entered. The real scientists around here can provide clarification and even formulae, but it's a start.
 

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