What determines the abundance of elements?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the factors that determine the abundance of elements in the universe, particularly focusing on the processes of element formation and distribution in astrophysical contexts. Participants explore the origins of elements beyond hydrogen and helium, including the roles of stellar fusion and supernovae.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory, Technical explanation, Conceptual clarification, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants express uncertainty about the specific factors that determine the abundance of elements, noting that while hydrogen and helium are well understood, other elements are less clear.
  • One participant suggests that fusion in aging stars and supernovae is responsible for the creation of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, but acknowledges that the exact reactions and controls on abundance are not fully understood.
  • Another participant raises questions about the production of specific elements like carbon, boron, and beryllium, and their relative rarity compared to elements like cobalt.
  • One participant emphasizes that the history of element synthesis and distribution in the universe, including processes like supernova explosions and gas cloud stratification, plays a crucial role in determining observed abundances.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree that stellar processes are key to element formation, but there remains uncertainty and debate regarding the specifics of these processes and the reasons for the observed abundances of certain elements.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include the incomplete understanding of the exact nuclear reactions involved in element formation and the historical processes that influence current elemental abundances.

martix
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I was just watching a very particular old documentary, when the question hit me.
I could probably manage an educated guess, but I don't really know what exactly determines how much of a certain element there is(except H and He, those are obvious).
 
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What is the source of other elements?
 
The source of all elements other than hydrogen, helium and some lithium is fusion in aging suns and supernovas. Fusion gets you to iron, but anything heavier is created during supernova explosions. We don't have a handle yet on the exact reactions involved or what controls the abundance, but models are getting better every year.
 
So... basically no answer to that question yet. :)
That's surprising.

I know that supposedly Carbon also gets produced at some point at the end phases of a stars life.

There's also the question why elements like boron or beryllium(4/5) are rarer than say cobalt(first element after iron, which is as far as I know that heaviest exothermally fusing element).
 
Actually the answer is here, you just have to think for a moment. My question was not a random one.

It is mainly a matter of the sample history. Metals (in astrophysics sense) are synthesized in stars, when (and if) the star explodes as supernova, they are scattered around, then they are included in the next generation stars, or separated due to the stratification in the gas clouds, and so on. Whatever you observe depends on what happened before.
 

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