What physical experiment would tell you how many electrons an atom has

[JaredPM]

How did scientists/chemists experimentally determine how many electrons an atom has?
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc...
I'm wandering what physical experiment would tell you how many electrons an atom has?

 

[DrDu]

They determined the nuclear charge from the wavelength of the K_alpha lines in X-ray spectra and relied on the number of electrons being equal due to charge neutrality. See
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley's_law

 

[Astronuc]

How did scientists/chemists experimentally determine how many electrons an atom has?
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc...
I'm wandering what physical experiment would tell you how many electrons an atom has?

During the 1890s and early 1900s, there were a number of scientists working on atomic structure: Rutherford, Bohr, Thomson, and many physicists, and numerous chemists.

Rutherford had made an estimates of the nuclear charge in conjunction the work of others.

J. J. Thomson's Nobel lecture (Thomson determined the electron's e/m)
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-lecture.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Millikan

Millikan's Nobel presentation (Millikan determined the electron charge)
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/press.html

in 1911, A. van den Broek in a series of two papers proposed that the atomic weight of an element was approximately equal to the charge on an atom. This charge, later termed the atomic number, could be used to number the elements within the periodic table. In 1913, Henry Moseley (see a picture) published the results of his measurements of the wavelengths of the x-ray spectral lines of a number of elements which showed that the ordering of the wavelengths of the x-ray emissions of the elements coincided with the ordering of the elements by atomic number. With the discovery of isotopes of the elements, it became apparent that atomic weight was not the significant player in the periodic law as Mendeleev, Meyers and others had proposed, but rather, the properties of the elements varied periodically with atomic number.

The question of why the periodic law exists was answered as scientists developed an understanding of the electronic structure of the elements beginning with Niels Bohr's studies of the organization of electrons into shells through G.N. Lewis' (see a picture) discoveries of bonding electron pairs. . . . .

http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm