I am wondering why are voltages the same across a parallel circuit. How can we say that it depends on the start and end points only. On what basis? Thanks for clarifying!
By definition. All elements which are in parallel are connected to the same pair of nodes (definition of parallel) and all points on a given node are at the same voltage (definition of node).
Consider two resistors in parallel. The ends of the resistors are connected together with a conducting wire. Good conductors cannot support a voltage difference, because if there is any voltage difference, current flows until the voltage is the same.