please help transistor amplifier

michael1978

i am not an enigner, i am total beginner, i try to leran self

Jony130

If you want to learn you need first understand how this amplifier work.
Also you need to understand how BJT work? And I don't ask about how BJT really work from physical point of view.

michael1978

Quote by Jony130

If you want to learn you need first understand how this amplifier work.
Also you need to understand how BJT work? And I don't ask about how BJT really work from physical point of view.

i know a little bit, i know a biasing, i know to find a amplifier voltage, i speak about ce amplifier, but i dont know how to get desired voltage, that is my big problem, like you find 40mv

Averagesupernova

First things first. Can you tell us what the approximate DC voltages are at various points in the circuit and why? If you can then you are well on your way to understanding it. I realize Jony has already posted things of this nature but I feel you may not know how to arrive at this. You say you know biasing but I feel you are coming up short in that area. Do you know how to select the collector resistor to get the collector voltage where you want it based on a few other things in the circuit? And, what are those things and why they affect collector voltage? For that matter do you know where the collector voltage should be? Nothing wrong with not knowing this stuff. Not trying to make you out to look dumb or anyting. We're here to help. Where would you like to start specifically?

michael1978

Quote by Averagesupernova

First things first. Can you tell us what the approximate DC voltages are at various points in the circuit and why? If you can then you are well on your way to understanding it. I realize Jony has already posted things of this nature but I feel you may not know how to arrive at this. You say you know biasing but I feel you are coming up short in that area. Do you know how to select the collector resistor to get the collector voltage where you want it based on a few other things in the circuit? And, what are those things and why they affect collector voltage? For that matter do you know where the collector voltage should be? Nothing wrong with not knowing this stuff. Not trying to make you out to look dumb or anyting. We're here to help. Where would you like to start specifically?

look i am reading one book, and i learn about transistor, fundamental biasin, amplifier
but he show me how to find av, but not how to buid amplifier with desired voltage, like here they say formula is rc//rl/re, i know this formula from the book, but desired voltage he dont tell me, i can build one amplifier but not with desired vooltage, for example i want av about 50 and input 2mv = 100mv, i dont know how to do it, for that i ask help here, in similary way

Averagesupernova

You need to know the load impedance if before you go much farther, that is assuming you are driving a load. I will assume you don't know what the DC collector voltage should be. To start with we will set it at about half the supply voltage, so 5 volts. What do you know to do from here? I don't plan on designing the whole amp for you. Doesn't matter to me if it is not homework, I will treat it as so and make you learn it.

NascentOxygen

Quote by michael1978

and how you get 130Ω?

That's the value of r_e, which is the slope (i.e., incremental or AC or small-signal resistance) of the B-E junction. The B-E junction has an average current (= bias current) of I_E, and for Si junctions the slope of the characteristic exponential graph V vs. I at any value of current is: slope = ΔV/ΔI = 0.026/I. So evaluate this fraction for the value of I_E bias to arrive at this value for r_e.

Quote by Jony130

And tell as how long you have been learn electronics?

Quote by michael1978

long enough,

Righto!

michael1978

Quote by Averagesupernova

You need to know the load impedance if before you go much farther, that is assuming you are driving a load. I will assume you don't know what the DC collector voltage should be. To start with we will set it at about half the supply voltage, so 5 volts. What do you know to do from here? I don't plan on designing the whole amp for you. Doesn't matter to me if it is not homework, I will treat it as so and make you learn it.

do you see
vcc 10V
collector 10
IC 10ma
Vce midpoint
Bdc 100

now what to do, how to find desired gain

michael1978

Quote by NascentOxygen

That's the value of r_e, which is the slope (i.e., incremental or AC or small-signal resistance) of the B-E junction. The B-E junction has an average current (= bias current) of I_E, and for Si junctions the slope of the characteristic exponential graph V vs. I at any value of current is: slope = ΔV/ΔI = 0.026/I. So evaluate this fraction for the value of I_E bias to arrive at this value for r_e.

Righto!

so you mean to decrase of increase re til i get the desired gain of something else? can you show me example, because i dont understand you so good my english is also not so good ;-)
do not exist some formula, how i have to do with calculator can you tell me please thnx

Averagesupernova

Thats not exactly what I had in mind but it is a start. I think if you actually knew how to get those resistor values and voltages you would not need to ask how to figure the gain. Did you plug some numbers into a simulator or something to get this? I mentioned to you that we would put the collector voltage at 5 volts. You have it at 6 volts which is close enough. AC voltage gain of this amplifier is 4 UNLOADED. How can you not know that? You have previously posted that you know the formula for gain which is (RL ||RC)/RE. Zout of this amplifier is 400 ohms.
-
Next. Zin. Originally you wanted a Zin of 50K. Do you see how that is next to impossible with transistor betas typically around 100 using components you have selected?

michael1978

Quote by Averagesupernova

Thats not exactly what I had in mind but it is a start. I think if you actually knew how to get those resistor values and voltages you would not need to ask how to figure the gain. Did you plug some numbers into a simulator or something to get this? I mentioned to you that we would put the collector voltage at 5 volts. You have it at 6 volts which is close enough. AC voltage gain of this amplifier is 4 UNLOADED. How can you not know that? You have previously posted that you know the formula for gain which is (RL ||RC)/RE. Zout of this amplifier is 400 ohms.
-
Next. Zin. Originally you wanted a Zin of 50K. Do you see how that is next to impossible with transistor betas typically around 100 using components you have selected?

i know the formula, but for example i want a gain of 5 and 2mv input is 100,how to say i want to be other gain, how to say i want self a gain to design, what i have to change, where i have to start, when somebody design an amplifier how they start from begin, and how they change a gain thnx

michael1978

Quote by yungman

You want output to be 2K, your rc has to be 2K. You want voltage gain of 2, so you want your re≈1K. Gain=rc/(re+r'e) where r'e= 1/gm≈Vt/Ic. Vt≈25mV at 25deg C. For Ie=1mA, r'e≈25Ω. So if you use 1mA bias current, re=1K is close enough.

If you choose a NPN with β>100, input impedance of the transistor is βXre≈100K, this is going to be a little tricky getting input impedance of 50K as the input impedance of the transistor is as low as 100K or higher if β is larger.

What is r1 and r2? is this a voltage divider to bias the base of the BJT? If so, you want Zin=50K, then you want r1//r2=100K so you get about 50K when parallel with the input impedance of the transistor. But this is not reliable.

You need to relax some requirement, if you can accept output impedance of say 20K, then re=10K and your input impedance of the transistor can by up to 1MΩ. Then you can ignore the input impedance of the transistor and make r1//r2= 50K.

For fmin, C=1/(2πRf) where R=50k input impedance, f=10Hz.

HI
can you explain me of design one amplifier with gain of 50, rc 1k, power supply 12 and the other select you please in similary way, like you explain in first example

Averagesupernova

Let me ask you this michael: How did you select the resistors in the schematic that you posted in post #42?

Jony130

When we start design any circuit we need to know circuit specification.
If you have a 2mV input voltage and 100mV at output you need a amplifier with gain
Av = 100mV/2mV = 50[V/V] and Zin = 50K and Rload >2K.
Is not so easy to meet all this requirements whit this simple amplifier.
So I change them to
Voltage Gain= 50
Load Resistance= 10k ohm
Vce= 5V

First we need select BJT I choose BC546C with typical hfe = 520 and Hfe_min = 420

I start selection from Rc resistor.

Rc < 0.1Rload = 1KΩ

Additional I assume Ve = 1V

So

Ic = (Vcc - Vce - Ve)/Rc = (10V - 5V - 1V)/1KΩ = 4mA

next

Re1 = Ve/Ic = 1V/4mA = 250 but I chose 220Ω

Vb = Ic*RE + Vbe = 4mA * 220Ω + 0.65V = 1.53V (voltage at base)

Ib = Ic/Hfe_min = 4mA/420 ≈ 10μA (base current)

R2 = Vb / ( 5 * Ib) = 30K

R1 = ( Vcc - Vb) / ( 6 * Ib) = 150KΩ

So know if we want voltage gain 50V/V

Av = 50 = (Rc|| RL) / ( re + (Re1||Re2) )

( re + (Re1||Re2) ) = (Rc|| RL) / 70 = 909Ω/50 = 18Ω

re = 26mV/Ic = 26mV/4mA = 6.5Ω

18Ω = (re + (Re1||Re2)) = ( 6.5Ω + (220||Re2) )

Re1||Re2 = 18Ω - re = 11.5Ω

Re2 = ( 220 * 11.5 ) / (220 - 12.5) = 12.1 = 12Ω.

And now we have a circuit that we can change gain quite easily.

From
Rc/Re1 = 1K/220 = 4.5[V/V] if we remove Re2 and C2

to

Rc/re = 1K/6.5 = 153[V/V] if we short Re1.

And normally to meet all your requirements we need to use more practical amplifier circuit or op amp.

michael1978

Quote by jony130

when we start design any circuit we need to know circuit specification.
If you have a 2mv input voltage and 100mv at output you need a amplifier with gain
av = 100mv/2mv = 50[v/v] and zin = 50k and rload >2k.
Is not so easy to meet all this requirements whit this simple amplifier.
So i change them to
voltage gain= 50
load resistance= 10k ohm
vce= 5v

first we need select bjt i choose bc546c with typical hfe = 520 and hfe_min = 420

i start selection from rc resistor.

Rc < 0.1rload = 1kΩ

additional i assume ve = 1v

so

ic = (vcc - vce - ve)/rc = (10v - 5v - 1v)/1kΩ = 4ma

next

re1 = ve/ic = 1v/4ma = 250 but i chose 220Ω

vb = ic*re + vbe = 4ma * 220Ω + 0.65v = 1.53v (voltage at base)

ib = ic/hfe_min = 4ma/420 ≈ 10μa (base current)

r2 = vb / ( 5 * ib) = 30k

r1 = ( vcc - vb) / ( 6 * ib) = 150kΩ

so know if we want voltage gain 50v/v

av = 50 = (rc|| rl) / ( re + (re1||re2) )

( re + (re1||re2) ) = (rc|| rl) / 70 = 909Ω/50 = 18Ω

re = 26mv/ic = 26mv/4ma = 6.5Ω

18Ω = (re + (re1||re2)) = ( 6.5Ω + (220||re2) )

re1||re2 = 18Ω - re = 11.5Ω

re2 = ( 220 * 11.5 ) / (220 - 12.5) = 12.1 = 12Ω.

And now we have a circuit that we can change gain quite easily.

from
rc/re1 = 1k/220 = 4.5[v/v] if we remove re2 and c2

to

rc/re = 1k/6.5 = 153[v/v] if we short re1.

And normally to meet all your requirements we need to use more practical amplifier circuit or op amp.

so this is the steps if i need to build an amplifier thnx
gain rc//rl/re, but i see there in resistor in serie with capacitor
how come now gain RC//RL/RE2+RE1 am i correct, if not can you tell me
i dont get gain of 50

michael1978

Quote by Averagesupernova

Let me ask you this michael: How did you select the resistors in the schematic that you posted in post #42?

i think first i select voltage divider, and after rc and re

michael1978

Quote by Averagesupernova

Let me ask you this michael: How did you select the resistors in the schematic that you posted in post #42?

i think first voltage divider and after rc and re

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michael1978	please help transistor amplifier i am not an enigner, i am total beginner, i try to leran self

Jony130	If you want to learn you need first understand how this amplifier work. Also you need to understand how BJT work? And I don't ask about how BJT really work from physical point of view.

Averagesupernova	Let me ask you this michael: How did you select the resistors in the schematic that you posted in post #42?