What is Solar: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and gigawatt-scale photovoltaic power stations are being built. Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun. The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka, India with a generation capacity of 2050 MW.The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its "high renewables" scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent, respectively, of worldwide electricity consumption, and solar would be the world's largest source of electricity. Most solar installations would be in China and India. In 2019, solar power generated 2.7% of the world's electricity, growing over 24% from the previous year. As of October 2020, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility-scale solar power is around $36/MWh.

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  1. P

    How would you build a solar stove that works at night & the next morning?

    Hey everyone, I just came across a competition that was run nearly 10 years ago and I was just wondering if anyone here has any interesting ideas on how it could be done. These were the criteria: Store 4kWhr for 18 hours. Temperature for cooking at least 200C. Powered by sunlight. Locally...
  2. anorlunda

    Almost Plausible Solar Takeover Plan

    This article: Overbuilding solar at up to 4 times peak load yields a least cost all renewables grid. I'm normally among those who think that renewable advocates lack realism when they advocate 100% wind+solar grid. This article is the first I've seen that comes close to being plausible. I do...
  3. S

    I What stars were observed @ 1919 solar eclipse to prove relativity?

    Was there a published report of exactly which stars which were supposed to be at position A but were observed at position B, etc.?
  4. G

    Is Venus the key to economic success in our solar system?

    I am writing a space opera, that is meant to be hard, except some alien magic. So far, i have the following points : asteroid belt is the most valuable for rare material mining, there they live in O Neil cylinders. Travel is done by fusion ships, that can maintain miliG-s of constant...
  5. F

    A Can a single star with 6 to 8 solar masses end up as a supernova 1a?

    Can a single star with 6 to 8 solar masses end up as a supernova 1 (having a remnant mass slightly above the Chandrasekhar limit) and being completely disrupted? This idea is presented by John Gribbin in his books “Stardust” and “The Universe”, but I can’t find any other reference or source...
  6. patric44

    The fill factor of a solar cell

    hi guys for a solar cell i know that the fill factor is given by the following relation : $$ FF = \frac{Vm*Im}{Voc*Isc}$$ but when solving the following example : the book used the following relation in the problem?! : where this Ln relation came from ?
  7. Ennio

    I Solar wind velocity and corrections

    Greetings, how do - the velocity distribution of the solar wind at 1 AU - the velocity distribution of the solar wind in our line of sight look like? I have found the 400 Km/sec but no further information. Is it an average values? Is this radially on the sun the same? Links with graphs are...
  8. Tone L

    Running a Raspberry Pi with a Solar Panel

    The objective: Determine the daily power draw of a Raspberry Pi (Watts per Day) and determine the average daily power generation of a solar panel. Will energy generated be greater than energy drawn? Lets begin, I have a 9 Watt, 18 Volt solar panel. This solar panel is charging a sealed lead...
  9. B

    Transformation of solar energy into heat

    I have one project in my mind bu tI have no eductaion in this topic. please help. question is: if there is container of water. and we have certain number of solar rays getting into this container how does process of water warm up look like comparing: 1. direct sun rays into water vs 2. on...
  10. Nguyen Son

    Solid State Finding some Solar Energy books/articles

    Hi everybody, I'm working on a Solar Energy project and I'm a newbie in this field. Could you suggest some good intro books/articles and PV system simulation books? (I'm using MATLAB) Note that my major in university are Solid State Physics and Computational Physics so I will not hesitate to...
  11. ZapperZ

    I Ptolemaic Model of the Solar System

    OK, this is more on history of astronomy than anything else. I hope someone has an insight on how they were thinking of things back then. The Ptolemaic model of the Solar system, i.e. the Geocentric model, placed Venus inside the sun's orbit around the earth. And to account for the retrograde...
  12. J

    Is my understanding of the working principle of a solar cell correct?

    1. Photons having enough energy to transmit an electron from the conduction band to the valence band must fall on the solar cell. 2. The cell is composed of a flat PN diode with the n-type layer on top. 3. As photons hit the n-layer, electrons and holes get formed. 4. Due to the voltage barrier...
  13. Moises

    I The solar system and the Coriolis effect

    After concluding an investigation about the coriolis effect, I wondered how this phenomenon affected the solar system and in particular the moon. Since the moon is a body that moves within the rotating system formed by the sun and the earth, an apparent deviation in the moon's path would be...
  14. H

    Electronics Portable Solar panel system to run a small computer fan

    Hi all. Recently I purchased two portable USB solar panels, which are rated at 5 watts each. They both came with a 'battery bank' consisting of a single battery all running on 5 volts. I also purchased a 5 volt USB computer fan. My question is; can plug all these things in together so that...
  15. sophiecentaur

    B Learning to use a Solar Scope with an H alpha filter

    I just bought a Coronado and, typically, there are no sunspots to look at. If there were, then I could compare what I see in that dim dark red image with what my basic Baader shiny filter delivers. I understand that there's a learning process involved and I imagine all first-time users have had...
  16. K

    I Does gravity act differently on a Solar System, a Galasy, and the Universe?

    Since acceleration due to Newton's law decreases as the inverse of distance, it becomes very weak at large distances. Our Sun was unable to pull in matter in the Oort cloud in over 4 billion years. Above about 0.11 light years, using modified Newtonian dynamics equations, gravity decreases by...
  17. Remedyworld

    Stargazing DIY Hydrogen Alpha Solar Filter

    I'm interested in doing more detailed photos of the Sun using my solar filter and a 1.25" Hydrogen Alpha (Ha) filter. Is this possible to do or is it best to purchase a Coronado telescope?
  18. J

    Can solar heating of hot cathodes generate useful power?

    I know typically the hot cathode of an electron gun or vacuum tube is heated either directly or indirectly by electric resistance heating. What if the tungsten (cathode) were heated by another means, say focused sunlight? Electrons would still boil off through thermionic emission. If a small...
  19. Wrichik Basu

    How to prepare my camera for a solar eclipse

    There will be a solar eclipse on 26th December that can be viewed from my city. In addition to buying safety glasses, I also want to prepare my camera, if possible. The camera is a Panasonic FZ-70. I have a UV protector and four ND filters - 2, 4, 8, 16. I am also buying a circular polarizer...
  20. mfb

    I First results from Parker Solar Probe on Wednesday (18:30 pm UTC)

    The publication will be released half an hour before. Press release, link to live stream and so on. The panel: It is now 8:00 UTC, so this is in 1 day 10.5 hours.
  21. X

    I Building a solar system simulator

    Hiya Hiya. I'm trying to build a solar system simulator for research purposes, and this does not seem to be all that easy. As in, my firsts tests have the moon shooting out of the solar system... I was wondering if you folks could offer some guidance. So, since it's for research, accuracy is...
  22. Comeback City

    I Angular Momentum in a Solar Nebula

    Hello all! Hope everyone's been doing well! My question relates to the nebular theory of solar system formation. It is generally accepted that via the nebular hypothesis, matter in a nebula contracts on its own gravity and begins to spin, but I'm having trouble understanding why it must begin...
  23. S

    B How well do we know solar activity?

    From what I've understood, we know sun's activity well enough that we can make some good predictions about it for a decade or so to the future. But is it theoretically possible that all the measurements that we have been able to make about the solar cycles and their effect on our climate, are in...
  24. J

    Solar heat gain on a typical solar cell

    what will be the joules per meter using thermal gain and wattage gain from a solar cell if the cell is in an insulative vacuum not counting the thermal degredation of 25% for wattage loss due to heat gain
  25. R

    How Do Solar Panels Perform Under Different Loads and Light Intensities?

    Hello, I am looking at using solar panels to accomplish two things: -I want to power a heating element submerged in a water tank to act as a thermal battery for heating a chicken coop -I want to also charge a relatively small 12V battery by connecting the panels to charge controller...
  26. N

    Total Solar Energy Rejected in Tints

    Total Solar Energy Rejected (TSER) = The percentage of total solar energy rejected by filmed glass. The higher this value, the less solar heat is transmitted. Here is something puzzling. I bought two tints to try on windows. The lower one on the left (NR Smoke 20) has Total Solar Energy...
  27. travellinglee

    How to put solar panels on top of my RV

    I want to put solar panels on top of my RV, getting the panels to move in order to track the sun make them nearly 40% more efficient than being static. I have worked out the electronics to control the motors to move the panels by programming an arduino board with light sensors etc but I need...
  28. S

    Requirements for seeing a Total Solar Eclipse?

    From my understanding, for an observer to see a total solar eclipse, 1) the Moon's orbit has to be near aligned with the Earth's Orbit, 2)such that the New moon's Umbra falls on Earth, and 3) the observer must be within this cast umbra. But for a partial solar eclipse, since the Penumbra of the...
  29. D

    Building a Planet: Considerations for a Habitable Solar System

    I am building a planet that will orbit a sun and I need help My world has 11 planes/asteroids. the planet Le Bear has multiple life forms on it. It takes 378 days to rotate around the sun. My planet has a circumference of 8199.49 miles. there are 12 months of 28 days and then 1 1/2 months of...
  30. anorlunda

    What can we learn from a friend's solar home data in Vermont?

    I visited a friend who has a very nice solar installation. He also has the software to do data collection and presentation. I thought it would be nice to share some of his data here. Perhaps we can link to this post as a reference in future solar discussions. First, some background. The...
  31. A

    Solar Furnace: Build an Engine with Water & Sunlight

    Hello All, This is my first post on this forum and I am here because I need help with an idea that I have. I am thinking of a pressurized vessel with two unidirectional valves. One for water intake, and another for steam release. The vessel will have a small sealed borosilicate glass “window”...
  32. F

    Hydro Power is Actually Solar Power

    Hydroelectric power, effected usually by damming a river, is ordinary considered an example of energy produced by gravitational potential. However, from an ultimate perspective, hydro power is actually an example of solar power. Water must drop to a lower gravitational potential to extract...
  33. Buzz Bloom

    I Fraction of solar systems with an Earth-moon configuration?

    Although I have over the years seen reports about simulations of the the Earth's moon's origin by a variety of possible mechanisms, none of these reports have ever reported the probability of such events. What is a reasonable estimate of the fraction of solar systems that have a planet of a size...
  34. G

    Exploring the Possibilities of a Martian Prison Break During a Solar Storm

    While The martian written by Andy Weir is a really hard stuff, but the effects of the storm at the beginning arent. But i wonder could a real solar/sandstorm actually help a prison break on Mars (from a remote penal colony)? Could it mask tracks in the dust? Could it create enough interference...
  35. W

    Is the Solar Constant Really 340 W/m^2 or 680 W/m^2?

    The solar constant is only on one side of the Earth, however it moves around and the Sun gives out it's energy/heat all over the Earth in 24 hours. And the seas and land have heated up over time. However I got told this, No its not. By definition the solar constant is referring to a 2...
  36. Q

    Solar cell absorption efficiency in COMSOL Multiphysics

    Hi. I am studying the effect of plasmonic nanoparticles on solar cells. Is there a way to calculate absorption efficiency in different layers of tandem solar cells in COMSOL Multiphysics.
  37. Mayan Fung

    Perovskite solar cell J-V scan

    Hi all, I am working on perovskite solar cell related studies. J-V curve (current density-voltage curve) is one of the important measurements to determine the performance of the device. In practice, we perform the reverse scan first then then followed by the forward scan. There is usually a...
  38. QuarkDecay

    Direct polar radiation increases as....

    Does direct radiation increase as the zenith increases? I know the diffuse radiation increases as zenith does, but is it the same for direct Also is it right to say that when diffuse radiation increase, the direct should decrease and vice versa? edit: My book says diffuse increases as we...
  39. M

    Solar pool heating via a dark screen -- On the surface or submerged?

    Summary: Looking for input on either floating or sinking a large sheet of dark screen for solar absorption in a pool Looking for input on either floating or sinking a large sheet of dark screen for solar heat absorption in a pool. My though its that screen would be very user friendly to roll...
  40. M

    B Rest Energy and a 1 million solar mass black hole

    Suppose there is a 1 million solar mass black hole. A 1.022MeV photon near a nucleus produces an electron-positron pair a distance=A from the event horizon. The positron’s vector is directly “up” away from the singularity. It doesn’t have escape velocity. It reaches an apogee at distance=B from...
  41. Ralph Rotten

    B Juno -- Coolest space ship in the solar system?

    So Juno is on her downhill run towards Jupiter. Only doing about 8k right now, but by the time she rounds Jupiter she'll be doing 100k or more. We are going to get so much science from Juno. Personally I am eagerly awaiting the results of what Jupiter looks like under all those clouds.
  42. D

    Heat Energy Intercepted by the Earth

    I've recently been interested in how much energy the Earth intercepts from the Sun; the answer, unsurprisingly was an astronomical amount, measuring quite easily into the ZetaWatts. However, the maths that got me that answer got me thinking... you can use the same method to determine the amount...
  43. E

    Is solar PV's success solely due to its mass production capabilities?

    [Moderator Note: This subtopic split off from https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/renewable-energy-meets-power-grid-operations-comments.970843/] This is more so a problem for solar PV. Some of the recent solar thermal + molten salt storage systems would not suffer from this problem. eg...
  44. J

    Electrical Solar to Hot Water Heater Hookup

    If one hooks up solar panel to bottom element after removing AC line seemed like good idea then I was wondering if the wires going to the element will get hot instead of the element see drawing.
  45. T

    What is the mean moleculer weight of the gas at the solar core?

    Here, i have provided the description of the mean molecular weight from my course notes as well as my workings. I'm not sure about my values for X and Y. It states that X=1 if all of the hydrogen is ionised which i think the 1 represents 100% hydrogen but the core is also made up...
  46. S

    B How common for almost same solar eclipse 17 months later?

    I see that South America (Chile/Argentina) will be getting a total solar eclipse this winter (i.e., winter there) and then another one only 17 months later that seems to be along the same type of path, albeit a little bit south. This can't be very common...
  47. A

    Convert solar radiation from Joule per cm square to Watt per meter^2?

    I have solar radiation data in the units of Joule per cm^2 (joule per square centimeter) measured hourly. I want to use this data in evapotranspiratin calculation which requires radiation units as Watt per meter squared. How can I do this conversion?
  48. Marco Masi

    How much excess energy goes lost in solar and wind power stations?

    Since solar and wind power are fluctuating energy sources not all of it goes into the grid when the consumer power demand is lower than that actually produced. This is a well-known drawback of solar and wind energy that everyone talks about. What I never found is an assessment of how much of the...
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