Quantum Teleportation: Explaining Quantum State, Opposite Phase & Entanglement

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I'm doing a report about quantum teleportation and I am in need of a few terms to be explained to me from an article that I have read about it.

Can anyone explain a quantum state to me more thoroughly than any published website?

In the article it also says that the laser had an opposite phase than the cesium atoms, an explanation of that would be nice.

And last but not least, could someone explain to me quantum entanglement? I understand the idea of it, I guess I just need confirmation in the subject.

Any help would be very helpful and appreciated.

Thank You.
 
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Which articles?
 
It is not clear what exactly do you need, but if you need a popular non-technical explanation, I recommend the book:
Brian Greene, The Fabric of the Cosmos
 
Not an expert in QM. AFAIK, Schrödinger's equation is quite different from the classical wave equation. The former is an equation for the dynamics of the state of a (quantum?) system, the latter is an equation for the dynamics of a (classical) degree of freedom. As a matter of fact, Schrödinger's equation is first order in time derivatives, while the classical wave equation is second order. But, AFAIK, Schrödinger's equation is a wave equation; only its interpretation makes it non-classical...
Insights auto threads is broken atm, so I'm manually creating these for new Insight articles. Towards the end of the first lecture for the Qiskit Global Summer School 2025, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Olivia Lanes (Global Lead, Content and Education IBM) stated... Source: https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/quantum-entanglement-is-a-kinematic-fact-not-a-dynamical-effect/ by @RUTA
Is it possible, and fruitful, to use certain conceptual and technical tools from effective field theory (coarse-graining/integrating-out, power-counting, matching, RG) to think about the relationship between the fundamental (quantum) and the emergent (classical), both to account for the quasi-autonomy of the classical level and to quantify residual quantum corrections? By “emergent,” I mean the following: after integrating out fast/irrelevant quantum degrees of freedom (high-energy modes...
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