Geometry & Topology REU Programs - Williams, Cornell, Tennessee, Indiana?

[owlpride]

After participating in a more algebra-oriented REU last summer, I would love to try working in some area of geometry of topology this year. Unfortunately this seems to be a pretty rare field for REU topics. Here are the programs I have found so far that have geometry or topology projects:

Williams
Cornell
Tennessee
Indiana? (not yet updated for 2010)

Does anyone know of others?

 

[owlpride]

Let's make this thread more general. If you are applying to math REUs this year, feel free to panic, b**ch, moan, celebrate, socialize or just share your thoughts! Experiences from past REU participants are welcome as well!

 

[union68]

I heard -- somewhere -- that topology isn't usually a big topic because the typical undergrad doesn't know much topology beyond basic point-set stuff. Who knows.

I'm hoping to get into one of these programs this year. That one at Tennessee looks especially cool because their FAQ section talks about students from smaller schools. That's me! It's good to know not every program is obsessed with recruiting from the Ivies and other big schools.

Where did you end up last year, owlpride? How was the application process? Were the programs as difficult to get into as they are reputed to be?

 

[Newtime]

i'd love to get into an reu this coming summer. what qualifications did you guys feel helped you get in? I'm doing research with/under a professor next semester and i have the standard classes under my belt and a 4.0 but I've heard these can be quite competitive. suggestions? I'm also applying for the one at cornell (among many others), it looks really interesting.

 

[owlpride]

I went to Cornell last year. It was a lot of fun! All of the professors in the program were great and they chose interesting topics - accessible, yet didn't feel "fake" like many other undergraduate research topics. (My group is hoping to publish a paper in one of the better professional research journals, provided we can tie up a couple of loose ends.) Retrospectively I have the impression that Cornell is one of the more serious math REUs. I spent most of my time doing or thinking about math, at all hours of the day and every single day, including on July 4th. Some of my friends who attended programs elsewhere reported that their programs felt more like summer camps than a serious academic endeavor. /Unfortunately/ my success of getting into Cornell last year will be unrelated to my chances this year because the program was run by different professors.

I got into about 7 out of 10 programs last year. I don't have high hopes for Tennessee this year because they rejected me last year, despite being from a small school :(

As for general chances, my REU adviser told us that he received ~200 applications and that he picked us because something stood out about our applications. Someone asked him if he could share with us exactly what we did that made us stand out, because it might be a useful piece of information for graduate school admissions. His reply: "Oh, it's nothing you did. Your letters of recommendations stood out."

 

[Newtime]

I went to Cornell last year. It was a lot of fun! All of the professors in the program were great and they chose interesting topics - accessible, yet didn't feel "fake" like many other undergraduate research topics. (My group is hoping to publish a paper in one of the better professional research journals, provided we can tie up a couple of loose ends.) Retrospectively I have the impression that Cornell is one of the more serious math REUs. I spent most of my time doing or thinking about math, at all hours of the day and every single day, including on July 4th. Some of my friends who attended programs elsewhere reported that their programs felt more like summer camps than a serious academic endeavor. /Unfortunately/ my success of getting into Cornell last year will be unrelated to my chances this year because the program was run by different professors.

I got into about 7 out of 10 programs last year. I don't have high hopes for Tennessee this year because they rejected me last year, despite being from a small school :(

As for general chances, my REU adviser told us that he received ~200 applications and that he picked us because something stood out about our applications. Someone asked him if he could share with us exactly what we did that made us stand out, because it might be a useful piece of information for graduate school admissions. His reply: "Oh, it's nothing you did. Your letters of recommendations stood out."

hmm... so what makes a good letter of recommendation? I've always heard this is one of the most important factors, which makes me nervous since I'm a sophomore and haven't had to much time to get to know many of my professors.

 

[owlpride]

I don't know - I have neither written one nor evaluated them. My REU professor said that he was looking for two specific points: a statement along the lines of "best student I have had in x number of years", and evidence that we work well with others. But Cornell is arguably one of the more selective programs. Being the best student in some number of years cannot be a prerequisite for all programs out there.

I had the same concerns last year you that you are having right now - "but I am just a sophomore, I don't know my professors all that well." And frankly, that is still a concern for me right now :) I was lucky that I am attending a small college, where my professors will invariably get to know me even when I am not going out of my way to meet with them. I had one professor who I had taken 4 classes with, the last one being an intro-graduate-level algebraic topology course with only four students. I suspect that I got a very strong letter from him.

 

[Newtime]

I don't know - I have neither written one nor evaluated them. My REU professor said that he was looking for two specific points: a statement along the lines of "best student I have had in x number of years", and evidence that we work well with others. But Cornell is arguably one of the more selective programs. Being the best student in some number of years cannot be a prerequisite for all programs out there.

I had the same concerns last you that you are having right now - "but I am just a sophomore, I don't know my professors all that well." And frankly, that is still a concern for me right now :) I was lucky that I am attending a small college, where my professors will invariably get to know me even when I am not going out of my way to meet with them. I had one professor who I had taken 4 classes with, the last one being an intro-graduate-level algebraic topology course with only four students. I suspect that I got a very strong letter from him.

makes sense. thanks for the clarification. and do you go to rice by any chance?

edit: how do the letters of rec. work? do i request them, professor writes them, then i mail them in? or do i give the professor the addresses of the various places to which i am applying and he does all the mailing and what not?

 

[owlpride]

No, I am not attending Rice.

Some programs accept letters of recommendation via e-mail. For the rest, I provided my professors with addressed envelopes and they took care of the rest. Make sure you ask your professors at least 4 weeks ahead of the deadline, and give them a friendly reminder closer to the deadline. I have talked to a number of students in the department about letters of recommendation, and I got some very useful advice from them as well - especially about which professors *not* to ask for a letter.

Enough about me. Do you have a shortlist of programs yet?

 

[Newtime]

No, I am not attending Rice.

Some programs accept letters of recommendation via e-mail. For the rest, I provided my professors with addressed envelopes and they took care of the rest. Make sure you ask your professors at least 4 weeks ahead of the deadline, and give them a friendly reminder closer to the deadline. I have talked to a number of students in the department about letters of recommendation, and I got some very useful advice from them as well - especially about which professors *not* to ask for a letter.

Enough about me. Do you have a shortlist of programs yet?

thanks again, I've been given a reading list for the winter break by a professor (the one with whom ill be doing a bit of research/work for in the spring) and hopefully i'll get it all done and then some and ask for a letter of rec. at the end of January. as far as which programs I plan on applying to...i don't really know. don't get me wrong, there are definitely a few which stand out as more interesting than others. for example, I'm much more interested in cornell's analysis on fractals than i am in arizona state's mathematical biology program. however, I'm not in a position to be picky and i would be content getting a taste of real research in any mathematical field so i'll probably apply to 10-15 programs.

 

[owlpride]

If you are interested in the Fractals project, experience with Matlab would be a definite plus! Most of their day-to-day work is computer experimentation. Professor Strichartz is developing a theory of Analysis on Fractals. Students work out special cases, which suggest how the general theory should go. When I was there, I got the impression that every theoretical breakthrough is preceded by several years of numerical experimentation.

This thread reminds me that I should go talk to my professors next week before winter break. Oh how much I hate writing applications...

 

[union68]

I went to Cornell last year. It was a lot of fun! All of the professors in the program were great and they chose interesting topics - accessible, yet didn't feel "fake" like many other undergraduate research topics. (My group is hoping to publish a paper in one of the better professional research journals, provided we can tie up a couple of loose ends.) Retrospectively I have the impression that Cornell is one of the more serious math REUs. I spent most of my time doing or thinking about math, at all hours of the day and every single day, including on July 4th. Some of my friends who attended programs elsewhere reported that their programs felt more like summer camps than a serious academic endeavor. /Unfortunately/ my success of getting into Cornell last year will be unrelated to my chances this year because the program was run by different professors.

I got into about 7 out of 10 programs last year. I don't have high hopes for Tennessee this year because they rejected me last year, despite being from a small school :(

As for general chances, my REU adviser told us that he received ~200 applications and that he picked us because something stood out about our applications. Someone asked him if he could share with us exactly what we did that made us stand out, because it might be a useful piece of information for graduate school admissions. His reply: "Oh, it's nothing you did. Your letters of recommendations stood out."

Good info. I'm definitely looking to get into a more "serious" program. I'm not busting my *** to get into these things just so I can go sit at a barbecue and eat hot dogs. I'm actually slightly suspicious of the programs that prominently display hikes, social events, etc. But then again, I hate fun.

So, it seems that letters of recommendation play a large role -- I was expecting that. Hopefully my profs know how to write!

 

[Newtime]

If you are interested in the Fractals project, experience with Matlab would be a definite plus! Most of their day-to-day work is computer experimentation. Professor Strichartz is developing a theory of Analysis on Fractals. Students work out special cases, which suggest how the general theory should go. When I was there, I got the impression that every theoretical breakthrough is preceded by several years of numerical experimentation.

This thread reminds me that I should go talk to my professors next week before winter break. Oh how much I hate writing applications...

looks like i'll also be brushing up on my MATLAB over the break...thanks for the tip. and writing applications? is there an essay or something like college apps? i was counting on sending in my transcript, resume and letters of rec. and that's about it. maybe a paragraph or two on why i want to do this but i certainly wasn't expecting to write any real essays or anything.

Good info. I'm definitely looking to get into a more "serious" program. I'm not busting my *** to get into these things just so I can go sit at a barbecue and eat hot dogs. I'm actually slightly suspicious of the programs that prominently display hikes, social events, etc. But then again, I hate fun.

So, it seems that letters of recommendation play a large role -- I was expecting that. Hopefully my profs know how to write!

i'm with you there. i don't want a summer camp, i want to go to work and learn. anyone know which of these are known for more of a camp atmosphere than academic one?

 

[zpconn]

A few of the super prestigious programs (e.g., Duluth) feature camping activities, so don't rule programs out just because of that.

I will be applying to programs for next summer. I'll probably apply to Duluth just because, well, it can't hurt to send in an application, and I'll apply to Cornell certainly (as well as the "summer math institute" there as long as that's still going next summer). Then I'll look for less selective programs to round out my applications and so I actually have a chance at getting in somewhere. :D

Anyway, I have a somewhat bizarre situation. I'm going to be transferring to Rice next semester, so I'm going to have to somehow negotiate these letters of recommendation before this semester is over (and this is finals week).

 

[union68]

My comments regarding camping activities and such was said out of jest -- er, at least somewhat. See, I think I'm funny.

These "prestigious" programs worry me. As I understand it, these REUs were started with the intent to give students who otherwise don't have access to higher-level classes or research opportunities at their home schools to have a chance at research. Is this correct? Then why does the list of past participants at Duluth look like a Harvard alumni-reunion roster?

These kids will already have a leg up on me when it comes to undergrad name-recognition in grad-school applications, now they're stealing my REU slots!

Oh well, I'm not as bitter as I may sound, I actually think this whole application process will be fun. Oh, and since you guys are my competition, I have begun spreading vicious rumors about all of you. Good luck!

 

[zpconn]

Yeah, I agree that it's frustrating how ultra-competitive some of them are. But I think Duluth was actually one of the very first pure math REUs; it may have been the one that originally showed the idea could actually work (i.e., undergraduates are capable of doing publishable research in math over the course of a summer).

Then why does the list of past participants at Duluth look like a Harvard alumni-reunion roster?

Heh, the word "Harvard" appears 81 times on that list of participants (although that includes where they went to grad school or ended up working).

 

[owlpride]

You couldn't really run a Duluth-style REU with anyone less than the top math majors in the country. Only few undergraduates can be productive on an individual project w/o much guidance and take full advantage of meeting current experts in the field. Wisconsin runs another ultra-selective program.

Realistically speaking, most professors would rather work with the "best" students they can get, rather than the most disadvantaged students they can find.

 

[union68]

Indeed. I've seen the CVs from some of these kids -- holy buckets. I know that I would feel waaaaaaaaay out of place if I somehow ended up in an REU with a bunch of Putnam fellows or something. I'm not looking to get into the most super-prestigious programs, I just want to get in SOMEWHERE and have a productive summer.

I need to get this damn inferiority complex under control.

 

[zpconn]

The past Wisconsin projects/papers are simply incredible. I've seen papers produced at Duluth, and while impressive they usually don't draw on much sophisticated machinery. The projects at Wisconsin are both impressive and based on a lot of more sophisticated math. If you are expected to be familiar with that material (e.g., modular forms) before entering the program, I can honestly say that one is out of my league. :D

 

[Newtime]

bump...i'm noticing many of these application require a page or two essay describing your interests in math and why you're applying for this particular reu. how important are these and if I'm applying to about 10 reu's, how different should each of my ten essays be?

 

[owlpride]

My final REU adviser last year said he practically ignored the essays. He was primarily interested in our recommendations and the courses we had taken.

That being said, I wrote a basic personal statement that described my interest in math and an REU in general, and was trying to customize 1-2 paragraphs to each REU.

 

[Newtime]

My final REU adviser last year said he practically ignored the essays. He was primarily interested in our recommendations and the courses we had taken.

That being said, I wrote a basic personal statement that described my interest in math and an REU in general, and was trying to customize 1-2 paragraphs to each REU.

this is about what i figured. thanks. also, this has probably been asked again and again but i can't seem to find it...how many people apply for these? obviously some receive more than others but any rough figure on even a few specific ones would be helpful.

 

[owlpride]

Cornell had about 300 applicants for 12 spots last year. One of the professors was joking that the REU was more selective than their graduate program. Another REU (Tennessee or Oregon State?) posted on their website that they had received about 100 applications.

The situation is not as hopeless as it sounds though. Many students apply to 10 programs but in the end they can only attend one.

 

[union68]

Those numbers are consistent with what I've seen. Nebraska's website says they received about 300 applications in 2009, which is higher than what I would have guessed. After all, it's an applied math REU and we all know how everybody loves pure! Ha.

In http://ww2.lafayette.edu/~math/Gary/pubs/lafayettereu.pdf" , it states 150-200 applicants, but this was apparently written in 2007. This .pdf also has a little bit about the selection process. The bit where he mentions "blanks" appearing in the statement of interest is absolutely hilarious.

I HATE writing these damned letters. So far I've picked 9 places to apply, but the UCONN prof won't answer my emails. I have one good letter written. I try to use as much of this letter as possible for all the others while simultaneously trying to tailor it a little bit to each program.

I'm a pragmatic person; hence, I don't really care to write about any personal matters or anything not directly relevant to the program. I'm not going to write some huge, gushy letter about how I love math or that I am a guitarist and an avid music-listener. Who cares?!

 

[Newtime]

I HATE writing these damned letters. So far I've picked 9 places to apply, but the UCONN prof won't answer my emails. I have one good letter written. I try to use as much of this letter as possible for all the others while simultaneously trying to tailor it a little bit to each program.

I'm a pragmatic person; hence, I don't really care to write about any personal matters or anything not directly relevant to the program. I'm not going to write some huge, gushy letter about how I love math or that I am a guitarist and an avid music-listener. Who cares?!

i feel the exact same way. but i suppose every part of the application counts at least a little bit, otherwise they wouldn't ask for it.

i just wish it was april so i'd know where i was going. I'm stressed about this already...

 

[zpconn]

Would anyone mind listing the programs they are applying to? I'm putting together applications now as well, but am having trouble deciding where to apply. Currently I have Cornell, the Cornell Summer Math Institute (it's not an REU technically but it's in the same spirit), Penn State MASS REU, Grand Valley State University, and Duluth.

 

[union68]

I've got Cornell, Grand Valley State, Nebraska, Northern Arizona, Penn State REU (not MASS), SUNY Potsdam, Tennessee, Texas A&M, and UCONN (although, as previously mentioned, UCONN has not answered my email).

I'm from an applied math program, so I'm staying as far away from algebra or number theory as possible (not because I don't like them, it's because I haven't had any classes in them).

 

[owlpride]

I started to think that it might be interesting to use the summer to learn about something completely new. The statistics program at Rice looks interesting, but it is targeted at underrepresented minorities (not me): Rice University Summer Institute of Statistics

Are there other statistics programs that are open to students with no background in the subject? Or any other "unconventional" REUs or summer programs for that matter?

 

[Newtime]

I started to think that it might be interesting to use the summer to learn about something completely new. The statistics program at Rice looks interesting, but it is targeted at underrepresented minorities (not me): Rice University Summer Institute of Statistics

Are there other statistics programs that are open to students with no background in the subject? Or any other "unconventional" REUs or summer programs for that matter?

don't know off the top of my head, but just browse through the descriptions here: http://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/reu/list_result.cfm?unitid=5044

also, when reu's request you be a junior or have two years of experience or whatever, as in this quote; "Because many of the problems considered will involve very elementary techniques and will be accessible to students who have completed no more than two years towards a typical mathematics degree, student who will be juniors during the 2010-11 academic year are encouraged to apply," what do they mean? are they assuming freshman year is calc. 1,2 and maybe a discrete math course? I'm a but worried because i placed out of them, as I'm sure many people did, so my sophomore year - this year - is full of typically upper level courses. but i feel like most people who apply for reu's are like that. all rambling aside: if they say "second-year student," are they referring to someone who has taken the calculus-diffeq sequence as well as linear algebra and a proof writing course, or someone who has taken all that and both semesters of abstract algebra, intro. analysis etc.?

 

[union68]

all rambling aside: if they say "second-year student," are they referring to someone who has taken the calculus-diffeq sequence as well as linear algebra and a proof writing course, or someone who has taken all that and both semesters of abstract algebra, intro. analysis etc.?

I would think the former requirements are what is intended.

 

[owlpride]

Seems like I won't be applying to REUs after all. I just got an offer to work with a professor at xxxxxxx =) I am so excited!

(Edited to maintain a minimum level of anonymity.)

 

[union68]

Damn, that's pretty impressive! What field are you going to be working in?

 

[bcomnes]

Are there any good resources available to help gauge how competitive different programs are? Some of the REU info sites report number of applicants versus available positions, but others don't. I unfortunately have not kept up to date with the reputations of many other schools.

Are there programs that are not considered as competitive? I would like to focus on a physics or astronomy related topic. I have some previous research experience (a paid week long trip to Arecibo to assist with the ALFALFA survey as well as some privately funded research with my professors on campus). I am seeking a less competitive program because attend a smaller state university in California and only have a 3.1 GPA overall (3.65 major classes), which to be honest, is quite discouraging.

 

[owlpride]

The Proceedings of the Conference on Promoting Undergraduate Research in Mathematics answers that question for math REUs. I am afraid I do not know how to find out for physics or astronomy though.

http://www.ams.org/employment/PURMproceedings.pdf
http://www.ams.org/employment/REUproceedings.pdf

 

[union68]

I've got a question that I hadn't really thought of before...

Who do I write my letters of intent to? I mean, I was just sort of thinking that I'm writing to "them," but I never really thought of who'd be reading the letter. Oops.

Who do I address the letter to? Do I address it to the professor that I'd like to work with? Like, "Dear Dr. Johnson., My name is ..." What if I don't know WHO I want to work with?

Do I use business letter format? How about the programs that want you to submit the letter online in a basic text editor box?

 

[Newtime]

I've got a question that I hadn't really thought of before...

Who do I write my letters of intent to? I mean, I was just sort of thinking that I'm writing to "them," but I never really thought of who'd be reading the letter. Oops.

Who do I address the letter to? Do I address it to the professor that I'd like to work with? Like, "Dear Dr. Johnson., My name is ..." What if I don't know WHO I want to work with?

Do I use business letter format? How about the programs that want you to submit the letter online in a basic text editor box?

aren't they more like short essays rather than letters?

 

[owlpride]

That's a good question. Last year I wrote my personal statements essay-style. It did not occur to me to write them letter-style, but it is an interesting idea. I am sure that could work as well!

That being said, if you do not know who will read your statement, it might be safer to go with the essay format.

 

[union68]

Thanks owlpride and Newtime. I had Googled "Letter of Intent" and it turned up a lot of templates and examples. Most of these emphasized business-letter format and knowing specifically who you were writing to. However, these were letters geared towards grad-school applications.

I think I'll stick with the essay form since that's how I originally wrote these things.

 

[Newtime]

another question: does anyone know about when we will be notified regarding selections? i could email each individual person in charge of each reu but even if i do get a response it will likely be wrong - how many times have we all heard "you'll know next week"? so: a ballpark figure? I'm thinking some of the smaller programs that only get about 100 applications should take no longer than a month or so?

 

[owlpride]

Most programs will start making offers within a week of the application deadline. Then they will go down the list of their preferred candidates as admits decline the offer. This entire process can take a while. Applicants typically get 7-10 days to respond to an offer, and they might ask for an extension if they are waiting for the reply from another program. If a program has to go through several cycles of offers before all spots are filled, it can easily take over a month before you hear back.

 

[Newtime]

Most programs will start making offers within a week of the application deadline. Then they will go down the list of their preferred candidates as admits decline the offer. This entire process can take a while. Applicants typically get 7-10 days to respond to an offer, and they might ask for an extension if they are waiting for the reply from another program. If a program has to go through several cycles of offers before all spots are filled, it can easily take over a month before you hear back.

thanks for the info.

and for what its worth, here's the final 6 I'm applying to:

cornell, james madison, UC santa barbara, north carolina greensboro, north caroline asheville, SUNY potsdam.

my advisor told me to cut the list from 12 to 6. where is everyone else applying?

 

[lilli]

Hey! I'm new here.
I hope to apply to SMALL Williams, Pennstate, Wisconsin, Duluth (way out of my league though) Cornell, North Carolina Asheville, Texas A&M, Michigan, Arizona, Mount Holyoke if I can! Might have to cut down too though.
Best of luck :)

 

[union68]

Anybody have any info on the "NSF renewal pending" that a lot of the REU sites have listed on their pages? What's this mean? Is this just a formality?

If the NSF decides to pull the plug on the REUs with this listed, I'm going to lose like half my applications.

thanks for the info.

and for what its worth, here's the final 6 I'm applying to:

cornell, james madison, UC santa barbara, north carolina greensboro, north caroline asheville, SUNY potsdam.

my advisor told me to cut the list from 12 to 6. where is everyone else applying?

Santa Barbara is absolutely BEAUTIFUL -- right on the coast and perfect weather. If I went to that REU I wouldn't get anything done.

 

[Newtime]

Anybody have any info on the "NSF renewal pending" that a lot of the REU sites have listed on their pages? What's this mean? Is this just a formality?

If the NSF decides to pull the plug on the REUs with this listed, I'm going to lose like half my applications.
Santa Barbara is absolutely BEAUTIFUL -- right on the coast and perfect weather. If I went to that REU I wouldn't get anything done.

I think most sites by now either say they are running one or not. I noticed the "pending renewal" thing a lot a month or two ago but since I've checked back I haven't seen much of it, although your best bet is to email the head of each program and just ask them.

I used google maps to see just how close to the coast it is: one of the dorms can't be more than 50 yards from the sand. That would be a fun place to work for the summer, not to mention I've heard it's an exceptional program.

 

[sutupidmath]

Hi,

This year i am planning on applying to: BYU, SMALL Williams ( i don't really keep my hopes high for this program since i have heard it is hard to get in), Mount Holyoke, and Penn State REU not MASS. I would have applied to a few more, but unfortunately, these were the only ones i found that do accept international students.

 

[zpconn]

I have a quick question.

I'm at one school and my letter writers are at another (quite far away). The plan was that I would send my application materials and they would send their letters separately, and I would just email the programs saying that the letters and my materials would arrive separately.

I just wanted to check if people here thought this was okay. Recently one of my letter writers expressed slight concern about this procedure.

 

[owlpride]

The plan was that I would send my application materials and they would send their letters separately ... Recently one of my letter writers expressed slight concern about this procedure.

Are the programs explicitly asking for all material to arrive in a single envelope? Last year all of my recommendations were sent separately from the main application (except for a single program, which asked for everything to be mailed in a single envelope) and my professors are at the same institution. I don't think it was a problem. I was accepted to ~75% of the programs I was applying to.

 

[union68]

Whew! All my applications are done and mailed. What a nightmare. I'm fairly certain that I sent the wrong letter of intent to the wrong place or mentioned the wrong professor's name in a letter. Ha! Keeping all of THAT stuff strait was the hard part.

I tell you, Nebraska and Cornell have this process nailed. Nice streamlined, user-friendly application systems. Big thumbs up from me to those two programs.

Now I'll just twiddle my thumbs till I hear something. Oh, and for whatever it's worth, my letters of recommendation will arrive in separate envelopes (sent by the prof) from my applications.

 

[lilli]

Oh lucky you, all done!
I've got piles of papers all over my bedroom floor, indeed not easy keeping everything organized. I should be done by the end of the week.
And then the waiting begins...

 

[eri]

The REU program my university offers is still pending NSF renewal - we might not be officially announcing our program for a few months yet. So while I won't say which one it is, keep in mind there might be a few just starting to ask for applications while others are already sending out rejection notices.