Analyzing 3 Electron States in Different Orbital Levels

In summary, the possible number of states for three electrons in three different orbital levels with one electron in each level is 8. The symmetric and anti-symmetric wavefunction equations for constructing these states are provided, as well as the solution for the symmetric spin part. However, the asymmetric spin part cannot be determined due to the indistinguishability of the electrons in quantum mechanics. This solution represents the 3/2, 1/2, -1/2, and -3/2 angular momentum states.
  • #1
barefeet
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Homework Statement


Consider three electrons in three different orbital levels n, m and p. We
assume that there is one electron in each orbital level. How many states
are then possible?

Homework Equations


Equations for constructing symmetric and asymmetric wavefunctions:

Symmetric under pair permutation:
$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \{\left |nmp\right \rangle + \left |mpn\right \rangle + \left |pnm\right \rangle +\left |npm\right \rangle + \left |pmn\right \rangle + \left |mnp\right \rangle \} $$Anti-symmetric under pair permutation:
$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\{\left |nmp\right \rangle + \left |mpn\right \rangle + \left |pnm\right \rangle - \left |npm\right \rangle - \left |pmn\right \rangle - \left |mnp\right \rangle \} $$

Symmetric under cyclic permutation:

$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \{ \left |nmp\right \rangle + \varepsilon \left |mpn\right \rangle + \varepsilon^* \left |pnm\right \rangle \}$$
$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \{ \left |npm\right \rangle + \varepsilon \left |pmn\right \rangle + \varepsilon^* \left |mnp\right \rangle \}$$

With:

$$ \varepsilon = e^{i\frac{2 \pi}{3}} $$
$$ \varepsilon^* = \varepsilon^2 $$

Anti-symmetric under cyclic permutation:

$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \{ \left |npm\right \rangle + \varepsilon^* \left |pmn\right \rangle + \varepsilon \left |mnp\right \rangle \} \}$$
$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \{ \left |nmp\right \rangle + \varepsilon^* \left |mpn\right \rangle + \varepsilon \left |pnm\right \rangle \}$$

The Attempt at a Solution


I could get the symmetric spin part of the wave function and use that with the anti-symmetric orbital part:
$$ \left | \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \right \rangle $$
$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \{ \left | \downarrow \uparrow \uparrow \right \rangle + \left | \uparrow \downarrow \uparrow \right \rangle + \left | \uparrow \uparrow \downarrow \right \rangle \}$$
$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \{ \left | \uparrow \downarrow \downarrow \right \rangle + \left | \downarrow \uparrow \downarrow \right \rangle + \left | \downarrow \downarrow \uparrow \right \rangle \}$$
$$ \left | \downarrow \downarrow \downarrow \right \rangle $$There should be 8 states, but this only gives me 4. I don't know how to get the asymmetric spin part.
 
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  • #2
According to classical mechanics the electrons are distinguishable.

But quantum mechanically you can't distinguish the electron and can't say i-th electron is in j-th state.What can you do? You can just distinguish the angular momentum component along the z direction of the electron system.And so the solution above given is right.As the electron is spin half particle so the given four solutions represents just the 3/2,1/2,-1/2,-3/2 angular momentum states
 

1. What is the purpose of analyzing 3 electron states in different orbital levels?

The purpose of analyzing 3 electron states in different orbital levels is to gain a better understanding of the behavior and characteristics of electrons within an atom. By analyzing the electron states in different orbital levels, scientists can determine the energy levels and distribution of electrons, which can provide insight into the chemical and physical properties of elements.

2. How are the different orbital levels determined?

The different orbital levels are determined by the quantum numbers associated with the electrons. These are the principal quantum number, angular momentum quantum number, magnetic quantum number, and spin quantum number. These numbers describe the energy level, shape, orientation, and spin of the electron, respectively.

3. What is the significance of analyzing 3 electron states instead of just one?

Analyzing 3 electron states allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the electron behavior within an atom. By analyzing multiple states, scientists can observe changes in energy levels and electron configurations, which can provide valuable information about the atom's properties. Additionally, analyzing multiple states can help identify any patterns or relationships between the different states.

4. How does analyzing 3 electron states contribute to our understanding of chemical bonding?

Analyzing 3 electron states can provide insight into the bonding behavior of atoms. By observing the electron configurations and energy levels of different atoms, scientists can predict how they will interact and form chemical bonds. Additionally, analyzing the electron states can help explain the strength and properties of these chemical bonds.

5. Can analyzing 3 electron states be used to predict the properties of unknown elements?

Yes, analyzing 3 electron states can be used to predict the properties of unknown elements. By comparing the electron configurations and energy levels of known elements to those of unknown elements, scientists can make educated predictions about their chemical and physical properties. These predictions can then be tested and confirmed through experiments.

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