Ahh, ok so I did some math and think I figured out the problem. Basically, I was forgetting that the Hermitian conjugate of a left-hand Weyl spinor is a right-hand Weyl spinor, so in your expression for the Yukawa interaction the 'barred' field actually has the opposite chirality to what it is labelled as (since the label refers to the chirality of the 'unbarred' field), i.e. ##\overline\psi_R## is actually left chiral. So actually the Yukawa interactions flip neither chirality nor helicity. Which is very confusing given that it DOES mix what are the left and right hand components of the corresponding Dirac spinor.
The language and notation makes this whole thing pretty confusing, so let me borrow the story in the quantumdiaries link above and translate it into some math. Also I will use 2-component Weyl notation as in Steve Martin's SUSY primer (arxiv number 9709356, section 2 "Notation").
To summarise the notation:
##\Psi_D = \left(\begin{array}{cc}
\xi_\alpha \\
\chi^{\dagger\dot{\alpha}} \end{array} \right)## - 4-component Dirac spinor in Weyl basis
(this is equal to ##\left(\begin{array}{cc}
\psi_{L} \\
\psi_{R} \end{array} \right)## in your notation. In my notation the two component spinors ##\xi_\alpha## and ##\chi_\alpha## are both left-chiral, but their "daggered" (Hermitian conjugated) versions are right-chiral. The indices are also important: undotted indices indicate left-chiral (transforming under left "half" of Lorentz group), dotted indicates right-chiral. Moving indices up and down "transposes" the matrix, if you are imagining the spinors in matrix notation, but we also have to be careful because there are antisymmetric tensors doing the lowering and raising, e.g. ##\chi_\alpha=\epsilon_{\alpha\beta}\chi^\beta##, so minus signs can appear when you fiddle with the indices. In general the matrix notation kind of sucks for getting this right, so it is best to stick with the indices. Anyway I say this so you don't get concerned about the ##\chi^\dagger## in the bottom half of ##\Psi_D##, it is ok in this notation since the index is 'up'. Note that the hermitian conjugate changes dotted indices to undotted ones and vice versa (which reflects that it changes the chirality of the spinor).
Also note that
##\overline{\Psi}_D = \Psi_D^\dagger \gamma_0 = \left(\begin{array}{cc}
\xi^\dagger_\dot{\alpha} & \chi^\alpha \end{array} \right) \left(\begin{array}{cc}
0 & I \\
I & 0 \end{array} \right) = \left(\begin{array}{cc}
\chi^\alpha & \xi^\dagger_\dot{\alpha} \end{array} \right)##
Now I spent some time trying to figure out how to prove this claim that the Hermitian conjugate changes the chirality of the spinor (i.e. changes which "half" of the Lorentz group it transforms under) but I didn't succeed. For now we shall just have to believe Martin's claim that this is the case. It is built into the dotted index notation anyhow, so it must be true :p.
So anyway, in this notation our Yukawa interaction looks like this:
## g\phi\overline{\Psi}_D\Psi_D = g\phi\left(\begin{array}{cc}
\chi^\alpha & \xi^\dagger_\dot{\alpha} \end{array} \right) \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
\xi_\alpha \\
\chi^{\dagger\dot{\alpha}} \end{array} \right) = g\phi\chi^\alpha\xi_\alpha + g\phi\xi^\dagger_\dot{\alpha}\chi^{\dagger\dot{\alpha}} ##
So it is more clear in this notation that we get two "mass" terms out of this when the scalar field adopts a VEV; each of them "mixes" the two two-component spinors ##\chi## and ##\xi##, which, in the Standard Model, one of which would interact with the weak force while the other would not, but each of the terms doesn't change the "actual" handedness of the fields involved.
The story in the Quantum Diaries blog post I linked above is a nice way of understanding this. Let us map their slightly non-standard names to our two-component fields:
Non-"mustache" fields:
##\xi_\alpha##- electron (left handed, interacts with weak force)
##\xi^{\dagger}_{\dot{\alpha}}## - anti-electron (right handed, still interacts with weak force)
"mustache" fields
##\chi^\alpha## - anti-positron (left handed, does NOT interact with weak force)
##\chi^{\dagger \dot{\alpha}}## - positron (right handed, does NOT interact with weak force)
So what our two mass terms do is 1. "mix" the 'electron' and 'anti-positron' fields, and 2. "mix" the 'positron' and 'anti-electron' field.
But what gives? It looks like chirality and helicity have nothing to do with each other here, contrary to this notion that "they are the 'same' in the massless limit". After all, the spinor indices going over each component of the Weyl fields are, if be choose the basis right, just labelling the + and - spin components of the field, and it looks like we sum over those.
It is a bit more work to prove that LH helicity fields cannot be RH chiral (when +/- signs are defined appropriately) and vice versa in the massless limit. Fortunately I found this webpage where someone does it: http://courses.washington.edu/phys55x/Physics%20557_lec9_App.htm . The appropriate section is towards the bottom.
Anyway, so in the massless limit yes, the chirality and helicity operators have the same action on our fields, so no, some fields do not have right chirality but left helicity (in this limit!). *However* due to the way we *label* fields, some of them are *labelled* right chiral when actually they are left chiral. But they are labelled (say) right chiral because their "non-conjugated" field is right chiral, and this is what determines whether they interact with the weak force or not, NOT what their chirality *actually* is. So it is arguably the more important property to be keeping track of, while "physical" chirality/helicity stuff all just works itself out due to the structure of field theory.
P.S. someone please correct me if any of this is wrong, because I want to make sure I understand it once and for all!
