the idea of charge is that there are no parts to it.
operationally, it works like this:
If A and B repel each other.
and A and C repel each other.
then it turns out B and C repel.
If A and B repel
and A and C attract
then B and C attract
If A and B attract.
and A and C repel.
Then B and C attract.
If A and B attract
and A and C attract
then B and C repel
These are just the experimental observations, and it turns out that if these always hold, you can explain them simply by calling one object (chosen arbitrarily) "positive". Everything it repels is also "positive", and everything it attracts is "negative", and then the rule becomes that opposites attract and likes repel.
I suppose it is possible to try to give a deeper explanation, for example by saying that charges create electric fields, or that charged particles exchange photons, but basically charge is not made up of anything - it is just charge, it those are its rule. The Pauli Exclusion Principle is not closely related.