The direction of an object's velocity does not affect its initial kinetic energy (KE) when thrown at a velocity greater than escape velocity, as KE is determined by the formula KE = 0.5mv². However, as the object ascends, it converts some kinetic energy into potential energy (PE), resulting in a loss of KE regardless of the angle of launch. In the absence of air resistance, the launch angle is irrelevant, but air resistance significantly impacts performance, as seen with the space shuttle needing to throttle back to manage drag. Jets aim to fly at high altitudes to minimize air resistance, but may need to land for refueling if they cannot reach their intended altitude. The measurement of KE also depends on the chosen frame of reference, which must be clearly defined.
