How to determine the range of sensitivity for a camera sensor?

[Jason E]

I am not sure if this is the best place to ask and I will change locations if need be, but I need some guidance on how to choose a proper sensor for my project.

I am currently working as part of a team on a polarimetric camera for ocean imaging. The basic premise is that images, from above the surface of the water, are taken and, with the use of polarizers, information of objects below the surface are obtained.

As of right now I need to determine what range of sensitivities for a camera sensor would best suit this application. What I'm basically looking for are theoretical justifications for determining what type of sensor to use.

I need to find a set of formulas based on the environment that would relate to the camera's sensitivity, so I can go about finding the correct sensor to use. I've already looked through multiple papers but can't seem to find a concrete way to formulate the sets of equations I need. Any help would be appreciatedThank you

 

[Baluncore]

I think you are looking for a problem where there is none.
A camera above the surface must image the peak light levels from the surface.
Two cameras, with orthogonal polarisation, will each on average image half the energy.
But because the light may be polarised, each may need to handle the same peak light level.
The problem is going to be reflected sunlight.