hanson said:
... but I find no clue why the divergence of an electric field measures the charge denity?
Can anyone tell me how to interpret the divergence of a vector field? Please kindly help.
as other's pointed out, this has to do with Gauss's Law. it is a differential form of Gauss's Law.
Gauss's Law is applicable in 3-dimensional space for any inverse-square field. and, in 3-space, inverse-square fields are quite natural for any conserved physical quantity.
imagine a 100 watt (P) light bulb radiating energy equally in all directions (omni-directional). we consider intensity of radiation to be the amount of power that falls on a unit area held perpendicular to the imaginary line connecting the source to that unit area. so intensity is watts per square meter. imagine that this light bulb is surrounded by a series of concentric spheres, all centered with that light bulb in the middle. since energy is conserved, all of this power radiating outward has to be the same whether it is the power escaping from one of the smaller spheres (where the intensity is higher, but the surface area of the sphere is less) or from one of the larger spheres.
for each sphere, the sum of the power crossing each little segment of surface area must add up to the total power. and, for a sphere, each little segment of surface area is perpedicular to the origin of the radiant power moving out and equidistant from the origin. the power that crosses a little segment of surface area is equal to the intensity, I, times the area of that little segment. being a sphere, all little areas add up to the total area and the intensity is the same for all of these little areas because of symmetry (they are all equidistant from the source at the origin).
so the total power, P, must be
P = (4 \pi r^2) \cdot I
that total power moving from inside the sphere to outside is the same whether the sphere is a small one or a large one. then the intensity must be:
I = \frac{P}{4 \pi r^2}
so the intensity must be an inverse-square field since energy and power are conserved and the area of a sphere is 4 \pi r^2.
now, our understanding is that (static) electric field from a point charge (or a collection of them) is naturally inverse-square because we imagine such E-field as being proportional to some imagined
"flux" density, called D. imagine these lines of flux as proportional to the amount of charge emanating out from a point charge. since these lines of flux are a conserved quantity (no new lines of flux are created out of nothing or destroyed into nothing), then the density of these lines of flux (flux per unit area) must also be an inverse square field. integrating the flux density (or the E-field) over the whole surface area of the sphere is proportional to the charge at the origin. what about flux coming from other sources? well, when those flux lines cross from outside the sphere to the inside, that counts as negative and gets canceled by the same flux lines when they cross from inside back to outside. Gauss's Law also shows that even for sources not at the origin, but inside the sphere, when you count only the component of the flux density vector that is perpendicular to the surface when it crosses from inside to out, that all of this flux adds up to the charged contained inside.
now, divergence is this same thing except that now the containing volume is getting smaller and smaller to, in the limit, an infinitesimally small volume. so now, if you consider that, when you get this small, that charge is distributed evenly in the space and the amount of charge contained inside the sphere is proportional to the volume (charge density times volume). but even in this small volume, the
net amount of flux moving from inside the volume to outside is still proportional to that charge (which is proportional to the volume). the divergence is the
net amount of flux
per unit volume moving from inside a differential amount of volume to outside of it and it is proportional to the charge
per unit volume which is the charge density.
