How Do Scientists Measure Extreme Temperatures in Various Environments?

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Scientists measure extreme temperatures using various methods tailored to specific environments. For the Sun, techniques such as spectroscopy are employed to analyze light emissions. The Earth's upper atmosphere can be measured using satellite instruments that detect temperature variations. Insects are typically measured with thermocouples or infrared sensors, while the Moon's temperature is assessed through remote sensing data. The ocean floor's temperature can be inferred from geological studies, and liquid helium is measured using specialized cryogenic thermometers. Understanding these methods is crucial for accurate temperature assessment across diverse environments.
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This is actually a question extracted from the physics book by Halliday.
How would you suggest measuring the temperature of (a) the Sun, (b) the Earth's upper atmosphere, (c) an insect, (d) the Moon, (e) the ocean floor and (f) liquid Helium?
Thanks first.:smile:
 
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There's a section her devoted to homework problems. You'll also have to tell us how far you got and where you got stuck. We'll help you, but won't do it for you.

To get you thinking in a non-obvious direction, the answer to e) is 4C. Think about how I knew that without measuring anything and it will guide you to the solution.
 
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