How to modulate the output of automotive injectors?

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Automotive injectors operate primarily using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals, which enable them to open and close rapidly during each combustion cycle. The flow rate of the injectors is influenced by their size and the fuel pressure rather than voltage or current modulation. While some discussions mention alternative methods, PWM is the most widely accepted approach for controlling injector operation. The user expresses interest in further exploring the electronics involved in injector control. Overall, understanding PWM is crucial for effective modulation of automotive injectors.
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Using automotive injectors for a project. I would like to know if the signal to cause injector operation is -

1. PWM 12V, i.e. one off operation
2. Voltage modulation, i.e. the voltage applied controls the output rate.
3. Current modulation
4. Something else. If so what?

Tried an automotive forum, but all I got was "what do you think" troll responses. Looking for real information.
 
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Your #1 is correct. Automotive fuel injectors open once per combustion cycle, and they need to open fast and close fast. The flow rate is determined by injector size and fuel pressure.
 
The systems I'm aware of are PWM.

Found this article interesting, although it doesn't go very far into the electrical side of injector control.
 
Hmm, interesting. Now to work on the electronics part, thanks :D
 

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