Indentation Formula: Calc w/o Vernier Caliper

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Calculating the indentation caused by a bullet impact on a target board is complex and lacks a straightforward formula. An empirical formula could potentially be developed if all relevant parameters, such as material properties, bullet speed, and impact area, are known. The discussion emphasizes that the materials involved must deform predictably for any formula to be effective. The challenge lies in the variability of these parameters and the materials used. Overall, a precise calculation without direct measurement tools like a vernier caliper remains elusive.
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Here is the problem, a bullet have been shoot from certain distance to the target board. when the bullet hit the board, it will make a small indent on it. Does anyone know what is the formula to calculate the indentation on the target board without have to measure the indentation using vernier caliper?
 
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There is no simple formula for such a complicated problem.
Although maybe one could up with an empirical formula if all the relevant parameters were known (material parameters, speed of the bullet, impact area etc) and only "simple" materials were used (material that deform in a reasonably predictable way over a large range of parameters).
 

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