Programming a robot arm offline typically involves using architecture or library manuals that detail the hardware's instruction set, data representation, and memory interfacing. Programmers often utilize high-level tools such as compilers and development kits on a PC, along with drivers for communication via serial or USB ports. For newer hardware, USB is commonly used, and high-level tools facilitate the programming process. Specifics may vary based on the platform being used, which can influence the programming approach.