Trigonometric Substitution Proof

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SUMMARY

The forum discussion focuses on the proof of the integral identity involving trigonometric substitution, specifically using the substitution \( x = \tan \theta \) for the integral \( \int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^3}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} dx \). Participants clarified that the differential \( dx \) must be expressed correctly as \( dx = \sec^2 \theta \, d\theta \). The integrand simplifies to \( \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan^3 \theta \sec \theta d\theta \), leading to a successful transformation of the original integral into the desired form.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of trigonometric functions and identities
  • Familiarity with integral calculus and substitution methods
  • Knowledge of the relationship between \( \tan \theta \) and \( \sec \theta \)
  • Ability to manipulate differentials in calculus
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the derivation of \( dx \) in trigonometric substitutions
  • Learn about the properties of \( \sec \theta \) and \( \tan \theta \)
  • Explore examples of integrals using trigonometric substitution
  • Practice converting integrals into trigonometric forms for easier evaluation
USEFUL FOR

Students and educators in calculus, mathematicians focusing on integral calculus, and anyone interested in mastering trigonometric substitution techniques for solving integrals.

LHC
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The question is:

Use x = \tan \theta , \frac{-\pi}{2} < \theta < \frac{\pi}{2} to show that:

\int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^3}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} dx =\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan^3 \theta \sec \theta d\theta

Using that substitution, I got it down to:

\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{\tan^3 \theta}{\sqrt{\tan^2 \theta+1}} = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{\tan^3 \theta}{\sec \theta}

I have no clue how this is going to get to the answer. Could someone please help? Thanks.
 
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What about the dx term?

<br /> dx=d(\tan\theta)=??<br />
 
You are forgetting the dx part again. That's why your expression differs from what you are supposed to show. When you get it right, try expressing the integrand in terms of sin and cos.
 
Ah, NOW I get it. Thanks to everyone for your help!
 

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