Using Green's Theorem for Vector Fields

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Homework Statement


Picture1.png


Homework Equations


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The Attempt at a Solution


I don't understand how the book went from calculating Green's theorem on ##\int _c Pdx + Qdy + \int _{-c'} Pdx + Qdy = ## (1 in the attached picture) to getting (labeled 2) ##\int _c Pdx + Qdy = \int _{c'} Pdx + Qdy ##

Thank you
 
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just work out the derivatives ##\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x}## & ##\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}## & use the fact that for a path C, ##\int_{-C} P\,dx + Q\,dy = -\int_{C} P\,dx + Q\,dy##
 
There are two things I don't understand about this problem. First, when finding the nth root of a number, there should in theory be n solutions. However, the formula produces n+1 roots. Here is how. The first root is simply ##\left(r\right)^{\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)}##. Then you multiply this first root by n additional expressions given by the formula, as you go through k=0,1,...n-1. So you end up with n+1 roots, which cannot be correct. Let me illustrate what I mean. For this...
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