What is the solution to the nonlinear differential equation?

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In summary, a nonlinear differential equation is an equation that involves a variable function and its derivatives, where the function is not linear. These equations are more complex than linear ones and require advanced mathematical techniques to solve. Solving a nonlinear differential equation involves finding the function that satisfies the equation, using methods such as separation of variables, substitution, and numerical methods. The importance of solving these equations lies in their use for modeling complex systems and solving real-life problems. However, not all nonlinear differential equations can be solved analytically, and some may require numerical methods. These equations also have many applications in everyday life, such as in weather forecasting, population growth, and engineering design.
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Euge
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Here is this week's POTW:

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Find a general solution of the nonlinear differential equation

$$\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^{\!\!2} - y\frac{d^2y}{dt^2} = -1$$
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This week’s problem was correctly solved by Opalg. You can read his solution below.
Let $u = \dfrac{dy}{dt}$. Then $\dfrac{d^2y}{dt^2} = \dfrac{du}{dt} = \dfrac{du}{dy}\dfrac{dy}{dt} = u\dfrac{du}{dy}$. Then $\left(\dfrac{dy}{dt}\right)^{\!\!2} - y\dfrac{d^2y}{dt^2} = u^2 - yu\dfrac{du}{dy}$, so the given equation becomes $$yu\frac{du}{dy} = 1 + u^2.$$ Separate the variables and integrate, to get $$\int\frac{u\,du}{1+u^2} = \int\frac{dy}y,$$ $$\frac12\ln(1+u^2) = \ln y + \text{const.}.$$ Exponentiate that, to get $\sqrt{1+u^2} = ay$, for some (nonzero) constant $a$. Then $1+u^2 = a^2y^2$, and $\dfrac{dy}{dt} = u = \sqrt{a^2y^2-1}$. Separate the variables and integrate again: $$\int\frac{dy}{\sqrt{a^2y^2-1}} = \int dt.$$ The left side is a standard integral, equal to $\dfrac1a\ln\left(\sqrt{a^2y^2-1} + ay\right)$, so we get $$\ln\left(\sqrt{a^2y^2-1} + ay\right) = at+b,$$ $$\sqrt{a^2y^2-1} + ay = e^{at+b},$$ $$a^2y^2-1 = \left(e^{at+b} - ay\right)^2,$$ $$ -1 = e^{at+b}\left(e^{at+b} - 2ay\right),$$ $$ 2ay - e^{at+b} = e^{-(at+b)},$$ $$ y = \frac1{2a}\left(e^{at+b} + e^{-(at+b)}\right) = \frac1a\cosh(at+b).$$

Since $\sinh^2x - \cosh^2x = -1$, it is almost immediate to check that this satisfies the given differential equation.

There are places in the solution where it would be equally valid to take the negative value of a square root. But that would lead to the same family of solutions $y = \frac1a\cosh(at+b).$
 

1. What is a nonlinear differential equation?

A nonlinear differential equation is an equation that involves a variable function and its derivatives, where the function is not linear. This means that the function's power is greater than 1 or it is raised to a power other than 1. Nonlinear differential equations are more complex than linear ones and require advanced mathematical techniques to solve.

2. How do you solve a nonlinear differential equation?

Solving a nonlinear differential equation involves finding the function that satisfies the equation. This can be done using various methods such as separation of variables, substitution, and numerical methods. However, there is no general method to solve all types of nonlinear differential equations, and each equation may require a different approach.

3. What is the importance of solving nonlinear differential equations?

Nonlinear differential equations are used to model complex systems in various fields such as physics, biology, and economics. By solving these equations, we can gain a better understanding of these systems and make predictions about their behavior. Nonlinear differential equations also play a crucial role in developing advanced technologies and solving real-life problems.

4. Can all nonlinear differential equations be solved analytically?

No, not all nonlinear differential equations can be solved analytically. In some cases, it is impossible to find a closed-form solution, and numerical methods must be used. Additionally, there are certain types of nonlinear differential equations, such as chaotic systems, that do not have exact solutions and can only be solved numerically.

5. Are there any applications of nonlinear differential equations in everyday life?

Yes, there are many applications of nonlinear differential equations in everyday life. For example, they are used in weather forecasting, modeling population growth, and predicting stock market trends. Nonlinear differential equations also play a role in designing and optimizing engineering systems such as bridges, airplanes, and electronic circuits.

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