What is the total energy of the universe?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the total energy of the universe, exploring whether it is less than, equal to, or greater than zero. Participants also examine the shape of the universe—whether it is open, flat, or closed—and the implications of these concepts within cosmological theories.

Discussion Character

  • Debate/contested
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Technical explanation

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants express confusion regarding the scientific consensus on the total energy of the universe and its relationship to its shape.
  • One participant suggests that the leading cosmological theory posits a closed universe that is finite but without boundaries.
  • Another participant argues that the universe is flat, with its shape determined by its density, and mentions inflationary theory predicting a density close to critical density.
  • There is a claim that the most popular theory currently is a flat, zero energy universe, although this has not been proven and may not be provable.
  • The zero-energy universe hypothesis is introduced, stating that the total energy is exactly zero due to the cancellation of positive energy from matter and negative energy from gravity, contingent on the universe being completely flat.
  • A participant notes the uncertainty surrounding dark energy and matter, suggesting that there is still much to learn in this area.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants do not reach a consensus on whether the universe is closed or flat, nor on the total energy of the universe. Multiple competing views remain, indicating an ongoing debate within the scientific community.

Contextual Notes

Participants highlight the dependence of claims on definitions and assumptions regarding the universe's shape and energy. There are unresolved mathematical steps related to the zero-energy universe hypothesis and its implications.

physixer
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I'm confused as to what scientists agree on, since I've read many answers. Is the total energy of the universe less than, equal to, or greater than zero?
Is the universe open, flat, or closed? (I'm not sure if this is the exact same question as the previous)
Is this a debate within the scientific community?
 
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To the best of my knowledge, the leading cosmological theory is that of a closed universe that wraps back onto itself or "finite but without boundaries."
 
As far as we can tell, it's flat. The shape of the universe is determined by the density of the universe. Inflationary theory predicts a density close to the critical density, ie, it is very close to flat.

ETA: Locally speaking, of course.
 
e^(i Pi)+1=0 said:
To the best of my knowledge, the leading cosmological theory is that of a closed universe that wraps back onto itself or "finite but without boundaries."

IIRC the accepted shape of the universe is flat, not closed.
 
I think the most popular theory right now is a flat, zero energy universe, though this has not proved and may not be provable.
 
The zero-energy universe hypothesis states that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero. When the energy of the universe is considered from a pseudo-tensor point of view, zero values are obtained in the resulting calculations.[1] The amount of positive energy in the form of matter is exactly canceled out by the negative energy in the form of gravity.[2][3]

A gravitational field has negative energy. Matter has positive energy. The two values cancel out provided the universe is completely flat.[not in citation given] In that case the universe has zero energy and can theoretically last forever.[6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_universe

[I wouldn't bet my life on it! I have a suspicion that with 96% of energy and matter "dark", meaning of currently unknown type, we have a lot more to learn.]
 

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