What is Measurement: Definition and 1000 Discussions
Measurement is the quantification of attributes of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events. The scope and application of measurement are dependent on the context and discipline. In natural sciences and engineering, measurements do not apply to nominal properties of objects or events, which is consistent with the guidelines of the International vocabulary of metrology published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. However, in other fields such as statistics as well as the social and behavioural sciences, measurements can have multiple levels, which would include nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales.Measurement is a cornerstone of trade, science, technology and quantitative research in many disciplines. Historically, many measurement systems existed for the varied fields of human existence to facilitate comparisons in these fields. Often these were achieved by local agreements between trading partners or collaborators. Since the 18th century, developments progressed towards unifying, widely accepted standards that resulted in the modern International System of Units (SI). This system reduces all physical measurements to a mathematical combination of seven base units. The science of measurement is pursued in the field of metrology.
Hi.
I can calculate the expectation values in the Bell (or in this case, CHSH) inequality and show that they violate it for entangled particles. But I'm confused about how to calculate them for an actual sequence of measurements, which could look like this ("Paar" is for photon pair):
How do...
I have done this problem three times now, and keep coming up with an answer that is a factor of 10 off from the answer in the solutions manual. The way I'm doing it is MUCH different than how they did it, so I can't use their method to see where I'm going wrong. I want to find out what I'm...
Feynman, in the third volume of his Lectures on Physics, chapter 1, presents bullets and waves in two different diagrams, Fig 1-1 and 1-2 respectively.
https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html
It is obvious that bullets are counted individually, the detector registering each hit...
hi , I want to measure the transmission curve and wavelengths of colored mineral glass , which is the simplest way or which instrument can I use ?
thanks
I stumbled over a datasheet of an old pentode where it says, in the english translation:
I thought, wow, I am not sure if I wouldn't have written Ug3=0V instead. I am a theoretician in physics but work more as an engineer and teacher.
What happens inside of me seems to be the following:
The...
Hello, I'm interested in how measurement, entanglement, bell test etc are handled in QFT.
It seems most QFT texts are being quite light on details on the subject. There would be is a preparation step as the start followed by some interaction and a measurement at the end. Interaction is usually...
Hello! If I have a measurement of a (dimensionless) parameter, ##a##, say 998 +/- 3 and the theoretical prediction of that parameter (assuming known physics) is 1000 +/- 4. Let's say that I want to set limits on a new parameter (not included in the theoretical calculations), call it ##\alpha##...
I'm trying to understand how exactly we calculate the detection rate in this specific multiple Stern-Gerlach setup.
As written on the image, an (unpolarized) atomic beam is sent through a three Stern-Gerlach apparatuses, and the detector supposedly clicks 25% of the time.
When I try to...
My steps would be that I would first calculated ##a_1## and ##a_2##, determined by using that formula with partial derivatives its errors, and then I would made an arithmetic mean of ##a_1## and ##a_2##. I am not sure how to determine the final error, but I think I can use this formula
##\Delta...
Bob lives on floor 500 in a 1000 meter high skyscraper.
Bob has measured the time it has taken a star to orbit 1 round in the Milky Way relative to Earth.
He started by measuring at the time when a single photon from the star was received exactly at the center of his telescope, and ended the...
I read an article about the earth's rotation slowing due to redistribution of mass (probably mostly water).
The headline indicated that Earth's rotation could slow to a rate of 25 hours per day, which seems rather large. This follows a publication announcing, Researchers improve measurement of...
Hi Pfs
Take a two level system up-down in its up level, There are other observables that commute
with that. is it true that applying the Zeno's effect by fast repeated measure of that
observable will also freeze the system on up?
thanks.
Hello. I am seeking some advice or information regarding a measurement I made using a magnetic sensor. Essentially, to summarize, I measured the socket for a ceiling light using a magnetic sensor, taking the necessary safety precautions. In so doing, in the immediate proximity of the socket, I...
In the 2001 paper Attosecond Metrology, the authors presented the first attosecond pulse setup and explained the measurements. This paper cites another paper quite often to mention similarities in the setup, but emphasized that they chose different observables: and only the choice made by...
I am trying to compare the surface roughness of 3D printed specimens for a school project, but I am realizing I don't have access to any of the standard equipment that would be used to measure it. Are there alternative measurements I would be able to use that would yield similar results, using...
A couple of weeks ago we had an interesting thread where a tangent developed discussing whether real-valued measurements were possible. I would like to generalize that discussion a bit in this one and discuss all scientific purposes, not just measurements.
1) What is a measurement anyway? Is it...
I would like to consult with you about something. Mobile phone towers transmit at relatively high frequencies. From a health perspective, on the internet :) all measurement values are interpreted in microteslas. However, with the Wavecontrol probe (WPF8) I have, only the electric field (E) can...
Hi,
I know in todays world we have more sophisticated equipment to measure the propagation delay of electronics equipment, but for my own curiosity i want to know how historically the propagation delay was measured for electronics device such as transistor.
Let's assume Dark Flow is real.
If so can't we measure it based on 2 atomic clocks.
Dark Flow occurs presumely in a southerly direction.
One atomic clock must start at the time the earth's rotation begins to bring the first atomic clock in a slightly southerly direction, (due to the earth's 23.4...
A weak (one photon at a time) beam of laser light strikes a double slit. In case 1 the barrier forming the double slit is a mirror. In case 2 the barrier is flat black. An array of detectors surround the experiment and can detect the photon whether it goes through the slit or is reflected. In...
I've given the question as an image as some of the formatting was difficult for me in the small window given:
My work is below. I got (a), but cannot get (b):
(a) It was a theorem proved in the text that any measurement on one subsystem will always be fully determined by the reduced state...
For instance this Power Cube device.
Is it capable of reporting EXACTLY how hard Francis Ngannou punched, or will it be biased towards mass or speed and overestimate one of the components?
How "off" from the actual physics of reality do you expect such a tool to be? 5%? 10%? 20%?
In the lab, how accurately can we measure momentum? What is the max value of the uncertainty in position as the uncertainty in momentum approaches zero? Or vice versa. What experiments do these types of measurements?
[Mentor Note: Two similar thread starts merged]
The questions are from MIT OCW. First of all, I cannot understand what is the meaning of the measurement outcome being 0. How can an eigenvalue be 0? I tried doing the problems guessing that by 0 they mean the posterior state will be |0>. The only...
The above question is adopted from the exercise of Preskill's quantum information lecture note
My attempt:
(a) From the condition, ## p(\theta)\propto \sin^{(2N-4)}\theta \cos\theta ##. Normalizing the probability distribution would give the answer. This is because the weight of the phase of...
Hi.
This is Annwoy Roy Choudhury. I have just completed my first-year undergraduate studies in Physics. I am new to Quantum Mechanics. There are certain confusions I have regarding Quantum Measurements. It would be really kind of you to help me out.
Postulate 3 states,
An example is,
Let's...
I find the current first, which is 2 A. Then the voltmeter reading would be 10 V - 1 x 2 = 8 V.
But the answer is 12 V.
I don't understand why it should be 10 + 1 x 2 = 12 V
Thanks
Say you have a simplified 1d Gaussian wave function describing location of a particle.
Many worlds says that every outcome is a separate branch. Copenhagen says you will get one of those branches.
So how many distinct positions, imaginary or real, can you generate from a fixed segment of a...
Hello Everybody
I'd like to set up a mechanical or electrical inertiameasurement of a Propellerarm that is in rotation, while the thrust (rpm of propeller) is rising.
Maybe with a forcespring, a pendulum, camera (timer)...
Not sure how to set it up nicely. Any suggestions?
Best
George P.
I have a charged particle in a Penning trap. The particle motion is non-relativistic and the energy is high enough such that we can assume it is not in the quantum regime. For the purpose of the question I am interested only in the axial motion of the particle, so basically this is a classical...
1.How is that possible for us to say that a non-interacting microscopic particle can have numerous values of a physical parameter in a given instant? the mixed state of a microscopic particle is simply the probability distribution of the particle having those values of a given physical parameter...
Let be a superposition ##|\psi\rangle=\sum_j a_j|j\rangle## with one amplitude ##a_x## much greater than the others, where ##x## is not known. For example, ##|\psi\rangle## may result from the quantum Fourier transform of a periodic wave function with an unknown period. I expect a measurement of...
Hi Pfs,
I am beginning to read this short paper
https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.04215
(quantum time)
i read things like that on first page:
Ht is the space of a system T (we call it the clock system) isomorphic to a Hilbrt space of a particle on a line. this space is equipped with
coordinates T and...
Let's say I have ##F=mg \tan \alpha## and want to calculate ##F##. I know ##m=(1.0 \pm 0.5)\,\mathrm{kg}## and ##\alpha=(20.5 \pm 0.5)° ##. How to calculate ##F=( 3.7 \pm ?)\,\mathrm N##? What is the general method of determining a measurement error in these cases?
In short, the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb experiment consists of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, where a bomb is placed in one of the paths (I used the wikipedia description https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester, and Sabine Hossenfelder's video: )
The bomb can be live or a...
Hi all,
I'd like to make an home-built OD600 sensor for measurement of cell concentration in suspension by Optical Density.
There are several spectrophotometers in the market, indeed quite expensive, so I am interested in realizing a cheap device with standard components.
Here's an example on...
I have seen this formula
$$\sigma=\sqrt{\frac {\sum_{i=1}^{N}{(X_i- \bar{X})^2}}{N(N-1)}}$$
but also this formula $$\sigma =\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}{|X_i- \bar {X}|}}{N}.$$ Which of them is correct?
I have a zip-tie like structure, which when pulled, squeezes an elastic part. Think of it like a having a zip-tie around your finger.
I can measure a force that is related to the squeezing pressure. This relationship between force and pressure is quite linear. I would now need to create a...
Dang this place has a topology and analysis section too, nice.
This is probably a graduate level topic, but I am by no means an expert on these subjects, just things I learn from wikipedia and other people. The commutator is an operation on two linear operators (most often matrices) of the form...
I find the values of the fundamental constants here
https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/
In anticipation of the data of 2022, I want to clarify one point.
Planck's constant is related by an exact expression to some other fundamental quantities:
$$h = \frac{\alpha^2 m_e с^2}{2R_c}\qquad (1)$$...
When the expectation value of spin in the z direction for one particle is zero and I make measurements for an even number of particles in the same state, do I get exactly half to be spin up and half to be spin down along the z direction? More generally, what does spin expectation value for one...
In describing the Galelian or Lorentz transformations, All books I've read keep talking about clocks and meter sticks, but I don't see how an event happening away from the observer could be instantaneously described by a set of coordinates and a point in time; information conveying the event...
If I want to get the spin angular momentum of a particle using the Stem-Gerlach experiment, I think I will find the spin 1/2 particle either spin up or spin down, but not both. I however want to ask this : Is there a non-zero probability that a particle which is spin-up in the z direction to be...