What is Heat: Definition and 1000 Discussions

In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter. The various mechanisms of energy transfer that define heat are stated in the next section of this article.
Like thermodynamic work, heat transfer is a process involving more than one system, not a property of any one system. In thermodynamics, energy transferred as heat contributes to change in the system's cardinal energy variable of state, for example its internal energy, or for example its enthalpy. This is to be distinguished from the ordinary language conception of heat as a property of an isolated system.
The quantity of energy transferred as heat in a process is the amount of transferred energy excluding any thermodynamic work that was done and any energy contained in matter transferred. For the precise definition of heat, it is necessary that it occur by a path that does not include transfer of matter.Though not immediately by the definition, but in special kinds of process, quantity of energy transferred as heat can be measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies. For example, respectively in special circumstances, heat transfer can be measured by the amount of ice melted, or by change in temperature of a body in the surroundings of the system. Such methods are called calorimetry.
The conventional symbol used to represent the amount of heat transferred in a thermodynamic process is Q. As an amount of energy (being transferred), the SI unit of heat is the joule (J).

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  1. SchroedingersLion

    Some questions about heat and temperature

    Hi guys, I am currently working through a book about thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as I was not so great in these course during my undergrad studies. First question: The book introduces heat as the kind of energy that terminates the temperature of a system. In other words: Give heat...
  2. F

    Heat Transfer -- Newton's law of cooling

    Hi, I have been trying to set up a funtcion of the temperature over time and I am doubting my results. In the system i have: Fig 1. The system is at rest. For simplicty I've considerd the ambient temperature to be same as T1. By knowing: Fig 2. yeilds: Fig 3. In my case B&C is at a...
  3. M1gu3l

    Calculate Heat Loss from Pipes: Tips & Example Calculation

    Hi, I wanted to do some rough "back of the envelope"-calculations of heat losses from pipes, with water circulating in them, to compare to the results of various programs' simulations. I was not very successful as I was perhaps hoping to get rough estimates in the range 20-200% off, but right...
  4. evinda

    MHB Find formula for solution heat equation

    Hello! (Wave) Let $\phi \in C^1(\mathbb{R})$ and periodic. We consider the problem $u_t=u_{xx}, x \in \mathbb{R}, \ 0<t<\infty$, with initial data $\phi$. I want to compute a formula for a solution $u$ and I want to prove strictly that this formula solves the initial value problem. I also...
  5. Rahulx084

    Understanding the Concept of Heat Supply to a System: Explained in My Book

    My book states that Heat and work represent energy in transit. The state of the system undergoes a change after heat is supplied to it and before work is extracted from it because energy gets stored in it. My doubt is here that ,heat has been transferred to the system and it says heat is energy...
  6. K

    Do Some Organisms Thrive on Pure Heat Instead of Low Entropy?

    Carlo Rovelli described in "The Order of Time" that "Living beings are made up of similarly intertwined processes. Photosynthesis deposits low entropy from the sun into plants. Animals feed on low entropy by eating. (If all we needed was energy rather than entropy, we would head for the heat of...
  7. C

    Heat Capacity relations for 1st order phase transition

    Homework Statement Prove the following relation for which clausius equation holds : Cs=Cp-αV(ΔH/ΔV) Where Cs=∂q/∂T at constant S and is the heat capacity in the coexistence line of 2 phases Homework Equations dq=dU+dW dP/dT=ΔH/(ΔV*T) The Attempt at a Solution I do not fully understand why q...
  8. Comeback City

    Heat Transferred to a Falling Object

    If I was attempting to calculate the amount of energy transferred as heat to an object free-falling in the atmosphere, is this how I could go about it?... Work = (Drag Force) x (Displacement through atmosphere) = Energy transferred as Heat I am attempting to solve a hypothetical question...
  9. T

    A heat exchanger is to be used to heat a process liquid with....

    Homework Statement (c) A heat exchanger is to be used to heat a process liquid within the tubes using saturated steam at 100oC. The tubes have an inside diameter of 20 mm and outside diameter of 22 mm. It is estimated that the inner surface heat transfer coefficient will be 4.2 kW m-2 K-1 and...
  10. Gregs6799

    Calculate the efficiency of a furnace’s heat transfer process

    Homework Statement [/B] Hi guys. Been looking at this question for a while and can't figure it out. An aluminium furnace is fuelled with propane gas. The furnace is loaded up with 4 aluminium ingots each of mass 22.5 kg. The question is: If 2.1 kg of propane is used to complete the melting...
  11. B

    B Photon Gas in a Box w/ Heat Conductor

    If I have a box evacuated of air with 5 of the sides mirors and one side a heat conductor. will the photon gas inside have photons that get absorbed by the heat conductor and re-emitted when the photons strike the heat conductor
  12. C

    I The amount of time it will take to melt ice

    What information / formulas do I need to calculate / estimate the amount of time required to melt an ice cube of temperature $T_i$ and mass $m$ in $M$ kg of $T_w$ temperature water? Assume that the system is insulated. Is it even possible? I'm fine with Calculus.
  13. C

    Answer: Terminal Temperature of Water with Ice Cube

    We have a glass containing 0.5 liter (0.5 kg) of water whose temperature 100 degrees Celsius. We also have an ice cube with mass 0.01 kg and temperature -10 degrees Celsius. The cube is put into the glass. The glass is then insulated from the outside world, until the cube has melted. What will...
  14. S

    B Assumption of the conservation of energy to Heat Flow

    Recently looked at why temperature flows from high Temperatures to Low temperatures.Essentially it was laid on two Fundamental Assumptions: 1.Energy is conserved in the isolated system 2.Entropy in isolated non quasi static systems will always tend to increase. Lets take a brief look at...
  15. G

    Laminar flow in a tube, heat transfer coefficient-sanity check

    Hi there, Hopefully this is a very easy question and you all can just confirm this for me. When calculating heat transfer into a fluid from a heated tube, is it correct to say that the heat transfer coefficient is *not* dependent on the tube diameter? So, if we solve for T_{out}, we get...
  16. J

    Simple reversed heat engine problem

    Homework Statement In a reversed heat engine, the work done on the engine is 85 kJ and the heat transfer to the engine from the low temperature region is 260 kJ. Determine: 1. the heat transfer to the high temperature region 2. the coefficient of performance as a refrigerator Homework...
  17. TheSlovakEngineer

    Storing Energy as Heat in Vegetable Oil

    Hello, I am writing a blog article about storing solar energy as heat. Can someone credible check this? I calculated I need 185.4 liters of vegetable oil to substitute a 6.4kWh battery if I had the same energy conversion (Tesla says 90%) and energy loss over time (no idea about this value) as...
  18. T

    Best way to heat up metal plates?

    Hey there! I want to make a rosin press from scratch. I have a big press with 2 inch thick metal plates, probably about 4 inches wide and 10 inches long. I need to heat these plates up to 230 degrees Fahrenheit and press them against each other with product in between them. I am going to fasten...
  19. fluidistic

    I How come electrons and phonons lead to the heat equation?

    Phonons on their own lead to the common heat equation. One sees that for example in insulators or non doped semiconductors. However in metals (or conductors), the electrons are the ones that are mostly responsible for the heat transfer, which extremely surprisingly to me, is also of the form of...
  20. Y

    Thermodynamics: help regarding the coefficient of heat transfer

    Hi! Basically I have some tasks in thermodynamics calculating the heat transfer through a wall. I have been attempting to solve the following problem: “Calculate the heat transfer through the exterior wall in a building, where the temperature inside the building is 20 °C and the temperature...
  21. shintashi

    Friction of a Wheel on the Axle?

    So say I've got a wheel who's outer radius is 12" and the radius of the axle is 1.5", so the simple machine here is an 8 to 1 ratio. So I am wondering, since 1/2mv^2 is for kinetic energy, and the velocity here is 1/8th, does it mean the friction is 1/8th or 1/64th? does it get 1/8th hotter or...
  22. C

    Temperature change in a metal due to heat from a distant animal?

    In bolometers, incoming radiation warms a strip of material. this material will have a large thermal coefficient of resistance, leading to a (small) resistance change in the material. the inventor, Samuel Pierpoint Langley apparently used this to detect a cow from 1/4 of a mile away using a...
  23. TheExibo

    How can heat change be measured under constant pressure?

    So enthalpy is the heat content of a system at constant pressure. Enthalpy change is equal to the heat absorbed or evolved by the system at constant pressure. If my understanding is correct, a system whose temperature goes up will return back to that starting temperature if pressure is kept...
  24. katelr

    When/How does thermal radiation stop (if it stops) and conduction

    Consider two solid objects in the vacuum (of different materials, if you will) at different temperatures approaching each other until they make "perfect contact" through flat surfaces (no gaps or defects, so that thermal contact conductance effects are absent, even though interfacial thermal...
  25. R

    Heat Loss of Hot Air: Get the Facts on Temperature & Insulation

    Hi everyone I'm new around here and I wonder if anyone can help please. I'm taking hot air off the chimney stack inside a factory at a temperature ranging between 700 and 400 degrees going through a 4 inch stainless steel pipe with 3mm wall thickness. This pipe line will be about 35 meters long...
  26. F

    Problem involving specific heat and graph

    Homework Statement A researcher studies the heat transference between an iron block and an unknown substance, inside an adiabatic calorimeter. In successive experiences he puts inside the calorimeter the unknown substance, always in its solid state and with temperature θs = 20ºC, and the iron...
  27. H

    MATLAB Crank-Nicholson solution of 1D heat equation

    I wish to numerically compute solutions of the 1D heat equation using the Crank-Nicholson scheme: The equation is: \partial_{t}u=\partial^{2}_{x}u I use the discretisation: u_{i+1,j}-u_{i,j}=s(u_{i+1,j+1}-2u_{i+1,j}+u_{i+1,j-1})+s(u_{i+1,j+1}-2u_{i+1,j}+u_{i+1,j-1}) Where s=\delta...
  28. T

    Is the human body a heat engine?

    If this is a valid enough definition of a heat engine: All heat engines transfer heat energy from higher to lower temperatures, and do work in the process. ... then is the human body a heat engine?
  29. A

    How much heat in joules must be added to 0.841 kg of aluminu

    Homework Statement How much heat in joules must be added to 0.841 kg of aluminum to change it from a solid at 130 °C to a liquid at 660 °C (its melting point)? The latent heat of fusion for aluminum is 4.0 x 105 J/kg. Homework Equations Q = mL Total = mc∆t + mL = m(c∆t +l) The Attempt at a...
  30. J

    Heat Flow Rate: Dependence on Conductivity & Temp Diff

    I recently read in a Khan Academy article that the rate of energy exchange through heat across a material of thickness ##d##, surface area ##A##, and thermal conductivity ##k## can be approximated by $$\dot{Q} = \frac{kA\Delta T}{d}$$ where ##\dot{Q}## is the heat rate and ##\Delta T## the...
  31. J

    Does Heat Radiation Decrease the Number of Photons Over Time?

    Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution No . The number of photons should decrease . As the rate of heat transfer decreases with time , the net electromagnetic radiation from the hot body to the surroundings decrease . Heat radiations are composed of photons ...
  32. Ed Lenarduzzi

    Compressed air, heat and pressure?

    Yes compressing air increase its temperature but does that necessarily increase pressure? In an pellet gun a spring driven piston compresses the air which increases the temperature but wouldn't any increasing pressure simply retard the piston's advance? Because the chamber volume is not fixed...
  33. Andres Padilla

    Why this special case occurs in an exchange of heat

    Homework Statement Hello. First of all sorry about this question, it has to do a little with heat transfer from engineering. This situation is not real, I was working in a proyect and this doubt came to me. I have a heat exchanger of parallel tubes. Water flows in a tube and oil flows in...
  34. Beanyboy

    Exploring the Relationship Between Color and Temperature in Thermal Measurements

    There's a passage in Kumar's (excellent) book, "Quantum", which has me confused. He notes that Planck is aware that as the temperature of a heated poker rises, the colours change from red through to bluish white. Later in the passage, he refers to Herschel's earlier work on the relationship...
  35. M

    I What is the solution to the heat equation with a constant added?

    I have seen how to solve the heat equation: $$ \frac{ \partial^2 u(x,t) }{\partial x^2} = k^2 \frac{ \partial u(x,t) }{\partial t} $$ With boundary conditions. I use separation variables to find the result, but i don't know how to solve the equation plus a...
  36. Cassius1n

    Heat loss in a conductor based on Fourier's law

    Homework Statement Find the admissible current density Jadm for a wire that has no insulation and also for a wire that has two layers of insulation and compare it to Jadm for the case when the wire has only one layer of insulation.2. The attempt at a solution and equations In the image I've...
  37. F

    What is the Specific Heat of an Ideal Blackbody?

    Hello, I was thinking about how a blackbody (and any other type of body) eventually reaches a steady-state, constant and finite temperature once the absorbed energy is equal to the emitted energy. The specific heat of a substance indicates the temperature change causes by the...
  38. Krushnaraj Pandya

    Change in temperature when a gas is in a moving container

    Homework Statement Some gas at 300K is enclosed in a container. Now the container is placed on a fast moving train.is the change in temperature of the gas the same as the change dT observed when train suddenly stops? Homework Equations 1/2mv^2=dU?? or dU=0?? The Attempt at a Solution...
  39. C

    Heat released during combustion at constant pressure vs volume

    Greetings! I've been brushing up on some thermodynamics recently and came across a perplexing sentence in my notes and text from undergrad. It says that for a combustion reaction, such as the combustion of heptane: C7H16 (l) + 11O2 (g) ---> 7CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) That this process carried out at...
  40. T

    Seawater sample temperature control – heat exchanger design

    I’m designing a system where a sea water sample must have its temperature controlled between near its freezing point (-2°C) and +30°C to simulate sea temperatures. To control it, the sample will be in contact with a block, which will be controlled by an external circulating water bath. The image...
  41. cosmik debris

    Why does a resistive wire heat up from current flow?

    The kinetic energy of electrons in a conductor is roughly 9 orders of magnitude greater than the kinetic energy from the drift velocity of the electrons. It seems that the kinetic energy from the drift velocity is not enough to account for the heating, where does the heat energy come from? Cheers
  42. K

    Flow inside pipe, heat transfer

    Homework Statement A 5m long heated pipe is used heat up water from 15°C to 65°C. Water flow through the pipe is 10liter/min. The heating gives a constant heat flow in all parts of the pipes surface. The inner and outer diameter of the pipe is 30 and 50 mm, respectively. Calculate the heat...
  43. K

    Can a Heat Balance be Achieved with Constant Condensation Temperature?

    Homework Statement If you have a heat exchanger with a cooling fluid and a fluid that condenses, and the fluid condenses over the entire heat exchanger i.e. its temperature is constant. How can one make a heat balance in such a case, when dT is 0 for the condensing fluid but not the other? i.e...
  44. EastWindBreaks

    Heat transfer boundary condition

    Homework Statement I am confused on how it's using the surrounding temperature minus the surface temperature as its the other way around in the Newton's law of cooling, Doing that would change the sign of convection right? I don't see the reason to do that, since if left side is hotter, then...
  45. T

    Explain what is meant by an 'overall heat transfer coefficient

    Homework Statement (I) Explain what is meant by an 'overall heat transfer coefficient'. (II) Explain what is meant by fouling and what its effect will be on the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient. 
 Homework Equations None provided. The Attempt at a Solution (I) The overall heat...
  46. S

    Steady state heat flow: radiation and conduction

    Homework Statement One end of a solid cylindrical copper rod 0.200 m long and 0.0250 m in radius is inserted into a large block of solid hydrogen at its melting temperature, 13.84 K. The other end is blackened and exposed to thermal radiation from surrounding walls at 500.0 K. (Some telescopes...
  47. P

    Finite difference conjugate heat xfer: internal flow

    Hi. I have been trying to solve this problem that has been keeping me up at night for a coupe weeks at least. If anyone can help me, I would be greatly appreciated. Hot air enters a cylindrical duct. The duct has some R-value and radiation and convection is being accounted for on the outside...
  48. K

    Heat transfer in a fin with constant volume

    Assume we have a cylindrical fin which has the effective length of L and its efficiency is given by the equation: $$η=exp(-0.32mL)$$ where $$m=\sqrt{\frac{hP}{kA}}$$ where P is perimeter and A is the cross sectional area of the fin. If the volume of the fin remains constant, which of the...
  49. J

    Thermodynamics - Hypothermia - Heat loss

    Homework Statement A careless farmer sends this sheep out to graze on a very cold winter day when the temperature is -10oC. The sheep's coat has a thickness of 4.7 cm and a surface area 1.3 m2. Calculate the rate of heat loss from the sheep on this cold day. Assume that heat is lost only...
  50. T

    Negative Heat Sink thermal resistance

    I'm currently developing a heat sink for a product that produces up to 150 W max power dissipation. I'm currently getting a negative thermal resistance for the heat sink. I don't think that is possible.. I'm not sure how to move on at this point to properly design a heat sink to meet the heat...
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