What is Heat: Definition and 1000 Discussions

In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter. The various mechanisms of energy transfer that define heat are stated in the next section of this article.
Like thermodynamic work, heat transfer is a process involving more than one system, not a property of any one system. In thermodynamics, energy transferred as heat contributes to change in the system's cardinal energy variable of state, for example its internal energy, or for example its enthalpy. This is to be distinguished from the ordinary language conception of heat as a property of an isolated system.
The quantity of energy transferred as heat in a process is the amount of transferred energy excluding any thermodynamic work that was done and any energy contained in matter transferred. For the precise definition of heat, it is necessary that it occur by a path that does not include transfer of matter.Though not immediately by the definition, but in special kinds of process, quantity of energy transferred as heat can be measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies. For example, respectively in special circumstances, heat transfer can be measured by the amount of ice melted, or by change in temperature of a body in the surroundings of the system. Such methods are called calorimetry.
The conventional symbol used to represent the amount of heat transferred in a thermodynamic process is Q. As an amount of energy (being transferred), the SI unit of heat is the joule (J).

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  1. W

    Understanding the Derivation of the Latent Heat and Entropy Equation

    Homework Statement I came across this equation ##L / T = \Delta S## and am not too sure about its derivation. From what I know, ##L = Q/m## and ##Q = TdS ##. Substitution gives me ##\Delta S = mL / T## which isn't correct. Could someone assist me in understanding the derivation? Thanks...
  2. D

    Does the Formation of Water Molecules Affect Temperature?

    Hello When mixing a strong acid and water, the temperature increases. There is production of water molecules from H + and OH- ions. If you plunge a glass of pure water into an intense electric field, the ions present in the pure water will migrate. The pH equilibrium will no longer be...
  3. S

    Heat and work -- how much energy to climb the rope....

    Homework Statement A standard man climbs 15 m up a vertical rope. How much energy (in cal) is dissipated as heat in a single climb if 23% of the total energy required is used to do the work? (Assume the standard man has a mass of 70 kg.) Homework Equations Q = mgΔh The Attempt at a Solution I...
  4. F

    Heat engines can organize thermal energy

    Hello, I am reviewing some thermodynamics and heat engines. Heat engines are cyclical machines able to convert a portion (just a portion) of the thermal energy extracted from a hot reservoir into mechanical work. The residual thermal energy must dump into a lower temperature reservoir...
  5. ISamson

    Where does the Earth's heat come from?

    Hello. I have an 'Earth and Space Science' topic test tomorrow. Heavily revising, I come across a section that will be in the test: geothermal energy. It works by cold water being pumped down in pipes, underground and then back up, hot, in form of steam to spin turbines and generate...
  6. S

    Calculate the molar heat of combustion of anthracene

    Homework Statement A 2.56g sample of anthracene, C14H10, was burned to heat an aluminum calorimeter (mass=945 g). The calorimeter contained 1.50 L of water with an initial temperature of 20.5 C and a final temperature of 34.3 C. a) Calculate the molar heat of combustion of anthracene...
  7. T

    How does the size of a radiator impact its heat output?

    I'm involved in a project with central heating. Due to a miscalculation the apartment radiators are about 50% too large. The current system water flow is based on the assumption that the radiators are the correct size (i.e. smaller), even though they are not. Due to this the water takes longer...
  8. D

    Does Heat Treatment Affect Elasticity? Investigating Changes in Young's Modulus

    Homework Statement The experiment : How the elasticity of material might change under heat treatment? The experiments conducted in two different way, first one the hot bobby pin set to cool down slowly after heated (the professor called annealing treatment), and the second one the pin set to...
  9. BuCDr3H4

    Energy of beamed EM field that can heat human tissue

    I only have a background in mathematics, and I lack knowledge on this matter. I want to get quantitive value about that problem. What would be the kind of wave or EM field that could heat human tissu of 1°C in (say a body part like the thigh), say in one hour, at a distance of 2m ? We could...
  10. W

    Green's functions: Logic behind this step

    Homework Statement Hi all, I came across these steps in my notes, relating to a step whereby, $$\hat{G} (k, t - t') = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-ik(x - x')}G(x-x' , t-t')dx$$ and performing the following operation on ##\hat{G}## gives the following expression, $$[\frac{\partial}{\partial t}...
  11. tomadevil

    Statements Based on a Heat Exchanger

    Homework Statement Hello Everyone, We did an experiment using 3 types of heat exchangers this week, double-pipe, shell in tube and plate type. Water was flowing in the HEs, the temperature was set. We had to change the flow-rate only. After the experiment, we were given lots of online...
  12. curiosity colour

    Heat conduction through a layers of different materials

    Homework Statement Question C(ii) Homework Equations dQ/dt =-kA(dθ/dx) dQ/dt = (θ1-θ2)/ ((lx/kxAx)+ (ly/kyAy)) The Attempt at a Solution So the first time I tried at this question, I was using the second equation provided above,but when I check the answer, they put the area on the numerator...
  13. M

    Heat Transfer and mass flow rate

    Hi, wondered if anyone can give me a pointer on this problem I am working on. 6 Diesel engines each with power 55kW running, given output cooling water temperature of 80°C, and required return temp of 60°C. The coolant is to be fed through a heat exchanger, with the heat exchanger outlet to be...
  14. C

    Thermal physics -- Latent heat melting ice

    Homework Statement Question (b) (iii) Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution The energy required to melt the ice is Q1=mL=3*0.025*3.3*10^5=24750J The energy released by water is Q2=mcT=0.33*4200*(22-T) Shall I calculate the energy that the ice needs after it melts into water? i.e...
  15. A

    Modeling analytical solution of 1D heat equation

    I am trying to write code for analytical solution of 1D heat conduction equation in semi-infinite rod. The analytical solution is given by Carslaw and Jaeger 1959 (p305) as $$ h(x,t) = \Delta H .erfc( \frac{x}{2 \sqrt[]{vt} } ) $$ where x is distance, v is diffusivity (material property) and t...
  16. A

    Specific heat capacity, Q = mcθ

    Homework Statement Here is the original question (just read the English version). Homework Equations Q = mcθ Specific heat capacity of water, c = 4200 J/kg °C The Attempt at a Solution I did Q_(absorbed) = Q_(released) mcθ = mcθ mθ = mθ And I solved for the final temperature, which is...
  17. A

    A Understanding dummy variable in solution of 1D heat equation

    The solution of 1D diffusion equation on a half line (semi infinite) can be found with the help of Fourier Cosine Transform. Equation 3 is the https://ibb.co/ctF8Fw figure is the solution of 1D diffusion equation (eq:1). I want to write a code for this equation in MATLAB/Python but I don't...
  18. S

    Heat, Work, Change in Entropy and Energy

    Homework Statement Calculate q, w, ∆E, and ∆H for the process in which 93.0 g of nitrous oxide gas (N2O) is cooled from 179°C to 55°C at a constant pressure of 4.00 atm. Cp(N2O) = 38.70 J K-1 mol-1 Homework Equations q= mCΔT ΔH=n(Cp)=n(qv)ΔT ΔE=q+w w= -pΔV *Probably something else too but I'm...
  19. P

    Heat transfer and combustion problem

    Homework Statement A fuel gas consists of 75% butane (C4H10), 10% propane (C3H8) and 15% butene (C4H8) by volume.It is to be fed to the combustion chamber in 10% excess air at 25oC, where it is completely burnt to carbon dioxide and water. The flue gases produced are to be used to generate 5...
  20. M

    Calculating Temperature Change for Heat Exchanger

    Hello, After the last post I completely changed the system. I now have a new system. Based on the feedback from last time I increased the time in contact with the block significantly. And I have made it a two stage unit. Here are the parameters for the first stage. An Aluminum block. (assume...
  21. patrickmoloney

    Relation between heat capacities and van der Waals equation

    Homework Statement Find the expression for c_p - c_v for a van-der-waals gas, with the equation of state \Bigg{(}p+\dfrac{a}{V^2}\Bigg{)}(V-b)=RT Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Basically I've proved c_p - c_v = \Bigg{[} p + \Bigg{(}\dfrac{\partial E}{\partial V}\Bigg{)}_T...
  22. D

    Does capillary action use water heat energy?

    Capillary action is a form of work, i.e. an object (water) moved by a force (capillary action) over a distance. Since all work requires energy, what supplies the energy for capillary action? Is the chemical energy of the water increased by adhering to a surface? Perhaps the heat energy of the...
  23. I

    Deriving the vapor pressure latent heat dependence

    Homework Statement There is a picture attached showing the entire problem. Equation 2.78 is the Clausius Clapeyron equation. Homework Equations Clausius Clayperon equation. L = L'T (since there is a linear dependence on temperature) The Attempt at a Solution $$ \frac{de_s}{dT} =...
  24. patrickmoloney

    Molar latent heat of phosphine

    Homework Statement [/B] Phospine exist in three forms. known as the \alpha, \beta and \gamma forms. The \alpha and \beta forms are in equilibrium with each other at 49.43 \, K, and the \alpha and \gamma forms are in equilibrium at 30.29 \, K. Obtain the molar heat of transformation for the...
  25. EastWindBreaks

    How to find internal energy with constant temperature?

    since specific heat c changes with temperature, but its treated as a constant in the heat formula, so that means that heat formula Q=mc(T2-T1) is just an approximation? correct? I see some texts define heat as Heat, q, is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that...
  26. P

    Periodic BC's of heat equation

    Homework Statement I have the heat equation $$u_t=u_{xx}$$ $$u(0,t)=0$$ $$u(1,t) = \cos(\omega t)$$ $$u(x,0)=f(x)$$ Find the stable state solution. The Attempt at a Solution I used a transformation to complex to solve this problem, and then I can just take the real part to the complex...
  27. M

    How long does it take to heat a vessel?

    Homework Statement I need to find the time it takes to heat a vessel of water which is closed. Here is what I have: Specific heat capacity of water: 4184 J kg^-1 K^-1 Density of water: 1000 kg m^-3 Volume of water added and volume of vessel: 500 L or 0.5 m^3 Heat capacity of the vessel: 91000...
  28. Muthumanimaran

    Minimum work needed to compensate for a heat leak

    Homework Statement A great deal of effort has been expended to find “high temperature superconductors”: materials that are superconductors at temperatures higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K). Most of the older superconductors had to be operated with liquid helium (boiling...
  29. A

    Negative Sensible Heat Flux at Earth's Surface

    I'm a bit confused as to how to imagine a negative sensible heat flux near the Earth's surface. Negative means that sensible heat is moving towards the surface. My book states that that would mainly occur at nighttime. During day there is a positive sensible heat flux and sensible heat moves...
  30. T

    Need to figure out heat loss as water passes thru a pipe....

    But not for the reason or application you might think...lol I live in SE Texas, just south of Houston. It is hot as balls here in the summer. (Which accounts for three of our seasons here) My neighborhood is on a "community well" type water system, and the well is in the back of the...
  31. Conductivity

    Logical explanations of factors, Heat transfer coefficient

    I would really like a logical explanation for some of the factors that affect convective heat transfer coefficient. I have only found mathematical one. For example: 1) Properties of the fluid: 1)Velocity: My professor said that the lower the velocity the more time the fluid gets to interact...
  32. R

    Heat Loss Through a Short Cylinder

    Homework Statement A short metal cylinder 145 mm in diameter and 145 mm high at 1045 K is suddenly exposed (all sides exposed) to a room air temperature at 300 K with h=25 W/m².K. Assume that for the metal k=40W/m.K, den=7800 kg/m3 and Cp=c=600 J/kg.K. Estimate (a) the time required for the...
  33. K

    Calculating the maximum temperature of a heating wire

    <mod: moved from intro> Hello all! This is my first post in this forum. I am struggling with the following question regarding a hair dryer. The hairdryer can be seen as a cilinder with a fan inside blowing air at speeds from the table below and 1 nichrome wire which heats up consuming different...
  34. A

    What is the net advection of sensible and latent heat?

    I am looking at an Energy Balance equation (see images) for latent and sensible heat. However, I don't understand the terms 'advection of latent heat' Alat and 'advection of sensible heat' Ah. They positively enter the system, but how do they differ from latent and sensible heat itself?
  35. Pushoam

    Is the Use of C_V in Adiabatic Expansion of Carnot Cycle Incorrect?

    Homework Statement The second law of thermodynamics says that we cannot have an engine which converts all the heat into the work.This is because an engine has to work in cyclic process and we cannot have cyclic process which converts all the heat into the work. Right? For example, in Carnot...
  36. A

    Heat transfer between two iron blocks

    Homework Statement Homework Equations I'm not sure. The Attempt at a Solution I tried to solve this as you would with electric charges. I added up the temperatures and then divided by 2, to get (C) 17.5 degrees Celsius. The answer key gives the answer as (D) 20.0 degrees Celsius. I'm not...
  37. Pushoam

    Exploring the Relationship Between Heat & Work

    // moved from general forum, homework template missing // Assuming that by the word "Work", work on the system is meant. Both heat and work is energy in transit. I think heat is work done by constituent particles of a system on another system in contact. Now the work done by us on a system...
  38. T

    Heat gain (or Loss) in steady state from Metal Rod

    Hello, I got this problem but I don't know How can Find Heat loss (or gain) - Q3 - from the curved surface of the metal rod to the surrounding. This is the problem: A metal rod, of diameter (d) and length (L), runs between two hot walls at temperatures, T1 (Wall 1) and T2 (Wall 2)...
  39. yecko

    Specific heat at constant pressure formula help

    Homework Statement https://i.imgur.com/f2vSXtq.png Homework Equations https://i.imgur.com/Kjy1Tzh.png The Attempt at a Solution In this question, the pressure is different at different point, in other words it is not constant throughout the system. Why the solution use c(p) (or "enthalpy" h...
  40. Biker

    Heat transfer: transient state

    Hello, I have studied about heat transfer through conduction only in steady state but I wondered about this problem that I created. Suppose you have a box that is insulated from all sides but Suppose a constant heat flow from that wall. Inside that box you have M kg of water at the same...
  41. G

    General solution for the heat equation of a 1-D circle

    Homework Statement Modify the initial conditions (for the diffusion equation of a circle) to have the initial conditions ## g(\theta)= \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}d_{n}e^{2\pi in\theta} ## Using the method of Green's functions, and ## S(\theta,t)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi...
  42. R

    B Understanding Black Body Radiation and the Sun's Color Temperature

    So, if frequency(max) of light emitted from an object proportional to temperature in kelvin, how can sun have max frequency around the yellow region while blue flames are much less hot?
  43. D

    Specific heat of diatomic gases and equipartion energy

    My doubt it is simply if have other reason to don't use this principle for the specific heat of diatomic gases. Homework Equations $$U=NkT=nRT$$ $$u_n=\frac{U}{n}=RT\text{ molar energy}$$ $$u_N=\frac{U}{N}=kT\text{ average energy}$$ $$Z=\sum{e^{-\omega_i/kT}}\text{ with $\omega_i$ particular...
  44. i_hate_math

    Heat Kernel at t=0: Dirac Delta Intuition

    Homework Statement Show that k(x,0)=δ(x). Where k(x,t) is the heat kernel and δ(x) is the Dirac Delta at x=0. Homework Equations k(x,t) = (1/Sqrt[4*π*D*t])*Exp[-x^2/(4*D*t)] The Attempt at a Solution I am just clueless from the beginning. I am guessing this is got to do with convolution...
  45. R

    Plate heat exchanger NTU method effectiveness

    Hi All I need to do an evaluation of a pilot plant heat exchanger that we have installed and see if it would be better suited than our current bigger installations. I was trying to calculate the effectiveness of the heat exchanger but I keep on getting 1 with the NTU method. Below is the...
  46. J

    Heat capacity of a heating element, in a flow of air

    Air is flowing through a pipe, through a heater matrix. Flow, Inlet temperature and heater power vary. Is it possible to calculate the heat capacity of the matrix by using the Inlet & outlet temperatures, power & flow? I'm assuming no heat loss to the pipe walls to make it easier, but I'm not...
  47. J

    Understanding Two-Pass Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

    Homework Statement 'A shell and tube exchanger is used to do heating, with single shell and 2 tube passes. There are 70 tubes each with an outside diameter of 25mm and length of each tube pass is 6m. ' I am wondering whether the 70 tubes are in between the 2 tube passes, or is it 1 tube pass...
  48. B

    Heat transfer for an encapsulated circuit

    Hello, So I am assembling some testing equipment. I have an active circuit, microcontroller, and two battery packs inside a black polypropylene case (which is around 1 ft x 1 ft x 0.5 ft). I was performing a thermal analysis because I want to make sure the electronics do not heat up past around...
  49. Telemachus

    I Heat equation with variable coefficients

    ##\displaystyle \frac{\partial u(x,t)}{\partial t}-p(x) \frac{\partial^2 u(x)}{\partial x^2}-\frac{\partial p(x)}{\partial x}\frac{\partial u(x)}{\partial x}=f(x,t)##. With periodic boundary conditions: ##u(x,t)=u(x+2\pi,t)##. The right hand side is also a periodic function of space, and it can...
  50. A

    Transient Heat transfer from water through pipe to ground

    Hi I am trying to do a transient heat transfer calculation. The water flowing through the pipe is laminar (1 m/s, id = 0.0127 m, Re_d = 0.01) transferring heat to the pipe via convection, then the pipe (od = 0.015875 m, l = 144 m) transfers heat to the ground again via conduction. I found this...
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