What is State: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State (formally part of the state) to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Nicknamed the "Sunshine State", Ondo State is the 18th largest state in the country. The state is predominantly Yoruba, and the Yoruba language is commonly spoken. The state economy is dominated by the petroleum industry, with cocoa production, asphalt mining, and activities utilizing the state's extensive coastline also serving as major economic factors.

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  1. F

    I Position representation of the state of the system

    Hello Forum, My understanding is that the state of the system is ##|\Psi>##. We can take the inner product between the state ##|\Psi>## and the eigenstates of the position operator ##\hat{x}##: $$<x|\Psi>=\Psi(x)$$ The function ##\Psi(x)## is the wave function we are initially introduced to in...
  2. mr_persistance

    State the trichotomy law formally

    1. For arbitrary real numbers a & b, exactly one of the three relations hold: a < b, a > b, a = b. How do I state this more formally while also being correct?2. The attempt at a solution a, b ∈ ℝ ( (a < b) ⊕ ( a > b ) ⊕ ( a = b) ) From this I made a truth table 2^3 entries long, and what we...
  3. T

    I Is a Qubit in a Quantum Superposition or a Mixed State?

    Is it in a Quantum superposition, and then only in a mixed state when finding the reduced state of a qubit from an entanglement of multiple qubits?
  4. J

    Solid State Solid State Physics books for undergraduates

    Hello! I am going to enroll in a Solid State physics course and I want to know what good books are out there on the subject at an undergrad level. Any suggestions are appreciated! Thanks!
  5. T

    How do I state 2nd law of thermodynamics for an open system

    Ecosystems are open systems, they receive solar energy and other materials from outside the ecosystem and migration of animals is also witnessed. I read Physics uptil class XII and have done a bit of research on google books and have come across these three books: 1.Towards a Thermodynamic...
  6. T

    B Matrix exponential and applying it a random state

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  7. I

    How many state changes per second could optical computing do

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  8. stevendaryl

    I On uniqueness of density matrix description as mixed state

    If you have a density matrix \rho, there is a basis |\psi_j\rangle such that \rho is diagonal in that basis. What are the conditions on \rho such that the basis that diagonalizes it is unique? It's easy enough to work out the answer in the simplest case, of a two-dimensional basis: Then \rho...
  9. A

    I Bare QFT theory with cutoff and multi-particle state....

    Hi all, I was reading Arnold Neumaier's excellent article on the Vacuum Fluctuation Myth, and ran upon one part I have a question about: he notes that "in bare quantum field theory with a cutoff, the vacuum is a complicated multiparticle state depending on the cutoff – though in a way that it...
  10. binbagsss

    Plot Heat Capacity vs Temperature for a 2 state system microcananonical ensemble

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  11. T

    Electron transfer and oxidation state

    When beryllium donates a pair of electrons to oxygen, that's oxidation, and the metal is Be(II). When carbon and oxygen share 6 electrons, 2 from carbon and 4 from oxygen, this is also oxidation. Of carbon. Even though it got more electrons, and even, I heard, has a negative charge. When...
  12. F

    I State Representation in QM and Vector Spaces

    Hello Forum, The state of a quantum system is indicated by##\Psi## in Dirac notation. Every observable (position, momentum, energy, angular momentum, spin, etc.) corresponds to a linear operator that acts on ##\Psi##.Every operator has its own set of eigenstates which form an orthonormal basis...
  13. Avatrin

    The current state of nanotechnology

    Hi My question is not long, but it is very broad; Is nanotechnology simpy just a rebranding of material science? Is there anything else to it? I have not really seen it used outside chemistry and material science. Do simple nanomachinery exist? I guess on a more speculative level it exists...
  14. S

    A Spin-Polarized Edge State Magnetization Biasing

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  15. K

    A How to calculate the Wigner function for an entangled state

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  16. astrocytosis

    Using Hund's rules to find ground state L, S, J

    Homework Statement Using Hund's rules, find the ground state L, S and J of the following atoms: (a) fluorine, (b) magnesium, and (c) titanium. Homework Equations J = L + S The Attempt at a Solution I'm having trouble understanding what L, S and J mean on a basic level. I read the textbook...
  17. ShayanJ

    A Ground state wave function from Euclidean path integral

    From the path integral approach, we know that ## \displaystyle \langle x,t|x_i,0\rangle \propto \int_{\xi(0)=x_i}^{\xi(t_f)=x} D\xi(t) \ e^{iS[\xi]}##. Now, using ## |x,t\rangle=e^{-iHt}|x,0\rangle ##, ## |y\rangle\equiv |y,0\rangle ## and ## \sum_b |\phi_b\rangle\langle \phi_b|=1 ## where ## \{...
  18. Hannibal247

    One-dimensional steady state conduction in Cylindrical coordinates

    Hello, Im having some issues with my task. 1. Homework Statement The heat generation rate of a cylindrical fuel (D=0.2 m and 1 m long) is 160 kW. The thermal conductivity of the fuel is 100 W/mK and its surface temperature is maintained at 283 K. Determine the temperature at the axis...
  19. M

    Finding range of bound/non bound state energies of 1D finite

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  20. L

    B What is the Hoyle State of Carbon and How Does it Contribute to Star Fusion?

    A popular video I just watched described Fred Hoyle's discovery that the elements of the universe are created in stars. Key to his theorizing was the prediction that fusion would produce of a new state of carbon that had never been observed and which theory predicted would be unstable. Hoyle...
  21. mertcan

    I Rate from one state to another state in Markov

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  22. adamaero

    Dispersion relation ~ modern phyics (solid state physics)

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  23. G

    System simplification through state space

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  24. M

    B Early state of Universe and the "size" of Universe

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  25. A

    Bound state of 3-dimensional Dirac well

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  26. X

    Probability wave function is still in ground state after imparting momentum

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  27. A

    How to find expectation value for combined state?

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  28. iikii

    Long-run proportion in state ′A′

    The question asks: A physical device can be in three states: A,B,C. The device operates as follows (all time units are in hours): The device spends an exponentially distributed amount of time in stateAA (with mean of 12minutes) and then with probability 0.6 goes to state B, and with...
  29. K

    B About creating a product state

    Hi all, I am reading a book about fundamental quantum mechanics, in which there mentioned many time about the product state ##|a\rangle|b\rangle## of two states ##|a\rangle## and ##|b\rangle## . To my understanding, product state means to combine two small systems to get a bigger one. So I am...
  30. R

    MHB [Cognitive Robotics] state estimation

    Hey guys, I need some help. Here's my task: Here's what I came up with: I need to calculate prob(x1|z1), prob(x1|z2) and so on and then just write down which has the highest probability. To do that, I would use Bayes rule, but for that, I need p(z1|x1) and p(z1). How do I get these? I have...
  31. Christofferk

    Kinetic energy of the hydrogen atom in its ground state

    I saw another post about this but i didn't quite find what i was looking for there so i thought i'd give it a go instead with a thread. Homework Statement Calculate the exact value of the kinetic energy of the hydrogen atom in its ground state. No more information is given, we are referred to...
  32. M

    MHB State with reasons that angle ACB is bisected by line OC

    Here is the Problem Here is the construction, Hoping that I have done it correct "State with reasons that $\angle$ ACB is bisected by line OC" Many THanks (Party)
  33. I

    What determines a ship's ability to withstand sea state 9?

    What exactly determines a ships ability to withstand extremely high sea states?
  34. M

    B How long can a virtual particles exist in a vacuum state?

    As much as I have understood, virtual particles keep appearing and disappearing in a vacuum state. This leads to zero-point energy, Casimir effect etc. Now, I want to know if there is a lifetime (i.e. a time limit) for which these virtual particles can exist before disappearing. Also can there...
  35. I

    B Understanding the difference between |01>+|10> and |01>-|01>

    Hi, I am a student from the Netherlands in 6V, the year before university, and I'm doing research on Quantum Computing. However, I have difficulty understanding the four states of two entangled qubits, $$\left|00\right> \\ \left|01\right> + \left|10\right> \\ \left|01\right> - \left|10\right>...
  36. S

    I Singlet State: Symmetry vs Antisymmetry

    Hello! I am a bit confused about the relation between the singlet configuration and symmetry of the system. So in the spin case, for 2, 1/2 particles, the singlet configuration is antisymmetric. But I read that the quarks are always in a singlet configuration, which means that they are symmetric...
  37. I

    B How does a Bell State lead to a probability in the CHSH game

    Hi, I am a student in the Netherlands, and I'll be attending university next year. However, I am doing some form of research on Quantum Computing with another student for our so-called "profielwerkstuk" but my understanding of Quantum Physics and math is sometimes not at the level that is...
  38. C

    A Exploring Quantum Chaos: Is it Truly Random or Deterministic?

    Hi, I was curious to know what the perception of quantum chaos is. It seems a bit on the fringe, but at the same time it seems interesting. An adviser I'm considering working for works on both solid state physics applications and does some theoretical work in quantum chaos, so I'm wondering if...
  39. Ravi Singh choudhary

    What will be the equilibrium state in the liquid N2 chamber?

    Suppose there is a test chamber containing liquid nitrogen. The container is insulated and only a small opening is there so that chamber is exposed to atmospheric condition. As the saturation temperature of liquid nitrogen is -196 degree Celsius at 1 atm pressure. chamber will remain at -196...
  40. Kushwoho44

    State Functions for Internal Energy and Enthelphy

    Hi, As is commonly known, u = u(T,v) h = u(T,p) I've worked with some maths proofs of this a while ago, but do you guys have an intuitive way of understanding this without the maths, that is, why the state function for internal energy is defined by intensive volume and enthalpy with pressure...
  41. Kara386

    I The ##1s^2## configuration of helium can't be triplet state?

    I thought this could be explained as follows: a singlet state is one with ##S=0##. Electrons have spin ##\frac{1}{2}## or ##\frac{-1}{2}##, and in the ##1s^2## state there are two electrons. For it to be a triplet state both electrons would have to be spin ##\frac{1}{2}## which isn't allowed, by...
  42. B

    I Is Pointer State Eigenstate or Mixed State?

    What really are Pointer States in Zurek stuff? is it an eigenstate or mixed states Zurek seems to be saying that you can reprepare Pointer States even if they are macroscopic. What can you say?
  43. S

    Expectation value in coherent state

    Homework Statement In a coherent state ##|\alpha\rangle##, letting ##P(n)## denote the probability of finding ##n^{\text{th}}## harmomic oscillator state. Show that $$\displaystyle{\langle\hat{n}\rangle \equiv \sum\limits_{n}n\ P(n)=|\alpha|^{2}}$$ Homework Equations The Attempt at a...
  44. Evo

    News Mike Pence Accused of Voter Suppression in Indiana Raid

    Indiana officials are trying to block almost 45,000 black citizens from voting Seems the voter's rights group wants the Justice department to look into this and the local police want to leave it with the local county prosecutors they work with. Either way, Police spokesman Bursten said the...
  45. adamaero

    Ground state energy for exciton in Si

    Homework Statement Estimate the ground state energy (eV) for an exciton in Si. εSi = 12 ε = 1.0359×10−10 Effective masses me* = 0.26me mh* = 0.36me effective mass = 0.15me Values of h 6.626×10−34 J⋅s 4.136×10−15 eV⋅s Values of ħ Units 1.055×10−34 J⋅s 6.582×10−16 eV⋅s Homework Equations E1 =...
  46. munirah

    How to differentiate GHZ state and W state?

    Good day, I try to differentiate GHZ-state and W-state using three tangle. Suppose The value three tangle for GHZ-state equal to 1 while W-state equal to 0. I used three tangle formula, $$\tau_{ABC}=\tau_{A(BC)}-\tau_{AB}-\tau_{AC}=2(\lambda^{AB}.\lambda^{AB}+\lambda^{AC}.\lambda^{AC})$$...
  47. Vitani11

    What is the energy of the decay photon towards the state....

    Homework Statement A certain molecule has a characteristic rotational energy of 8.81x10-4 eV. What is the energy of the decay photon towards the state with angular momentum quantum number l? Homework Equations E = Erot (L(L+1)) The Attempt at a Solution Why would this not be 12 multiplied by...
  48. Shing Ernst

    B Hydrogen Atom States Before Photon Emission | Help

    I have some confusions, and I would like some help: What states will hydrogen atom be before it emits a photon? Will it possible be superposition of its eigenstates? (If so, then by measuring the energy of photon, we measure its' energy causing its wavefunction collapse, am I right?)...
  49. Kara386

    Energy shift in excited state sodium

    Homework Statement The spin-orbit interaction in sodium results in fine structure with energy shifts given by: ##\Delta E_j = \frac{C}{2}[j(j+1)-l(l+1)-s(s+1)]## If ##l##, ##s## and ##j## describe the single outer electron in sodium. Show that if this electron is excited to a state where l>0...
  50. sammyqw

    Engineering DC state RC circuit Find Vc(0)

    Homework Statement Find Vc(0) Homework Equations Nodal Eq , ohms law The Attempt at a Solution Can someone please check my work for Vc(0)? I'll appreciate it.
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