What is State: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State (formally part of the state) to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Nicknamed the "Sunshine State", Ondo State is the 18th largest state in the country. The state is predominantly Yoruba, and the Yoruba language is commonly spoken. The state economy is dominated by the petroleum industry, with cocoa production, asphalt mining, and activities utilizing the state's extensive coastline also serving as major economic factors.

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  1. Tanmoy

    Ground State Energy: Explanation & Calculation

  2. eedftt

    What is the orbital radius of a muon captured in the n=1 ground state of Carbon?

    The muon is a subatomic particle with the same charge as an electron but with a mass that is 207 times greater: mμ=207me. Physicists think of muons as "heavy electrons." However, the muon is not a stable particle; it decays with a half-life of 1.5 μs into an electron plus two neutrinos. Muons...
  3. P

    Case when the potential energy of the 1st excited state is zero

    I know how to solve this problem when the energy at ground state is zero but I don't know how to deal with 1st excited state energy as zero. According to me since the potential energy is zero therefore the kinetic energy must be 13.6eV according to conservation of energy. I also know that the...
  4. T

    I Probability current density of a stationary state

    I have written a finite difference program to solve 1D time-independent Schrodinger equation. It seems to work correctly for harmonic oscillator, particle in a box, etc. But I can't figure out how to calculate the probability current density. It should be constant, but what is it? The program...
  5. SamRoss

    What are the coefficients of psi_n for this state?

    I am working through David Griffiths' "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics". All of the solutions are provided online by Griffiths himself. This is Problem 2.5(e). I understand his solution but I'm confused about one thing. After normalizing Ψ, we find ##A=\frac {1}{\sqrt2}##. Griffiths notes that...
  6. J

    Markov chain on state {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7}

    I need this for a programming project. Could you help?
  7. bob012345

    I Lithium Atom Ground State Radial Wavefunction

    I would like to see what the shape of the ground state radial wavefunction for the Lithium atom is. An approximate function that shows the shape would be fine. Thanks.
  8. S

    Thermodynamic state having 2 degrees of freedom (i.e., for properties)

    I'm trying to delve into the reason why this is so. It seems that there are 5 fundamental properties: P - Pressure V - Volume (specific) T - Temperature S - Entropy (specific) U - Internal Energy (Yes, there are other types of energy, but they are fully determinable from these 5 - e.g...
  9. A

    I Virtual particle content of the vacuum state....

    Hi all, One more virtual particle question (sorry all!): for individuals who would take virtual particles as being 'real' (but unobservable), what is their understanding then of the content of the vacuum? For example, if I place a electron all by itself in the vacuum (thus making it no longer...
  10. hilbert2

    A Ground state energy of cube-like potential wells

    In some other thread someone mentioned that a 3D cubic potential well always has a ground state that is a bound state, but a spherical well doesn't necessarily have if it's too shallow. I calculated some results for 3d cubes, spheres and surfaces of form ##x^{2n}+y^{2n}+z^{2n}=r^{2n}##, which...
  11. B

    Principle quantum number n of the excited state

    Here is a question I have been given I have started by setting up the formula and rearranging for n_2 Only problem is that I do not know the quantum number for ground state? What value do I sub in for n_1? Any help would be appreciated! Thanks
  12. E

    How Do Measurements Affect GHZ States?

    Here's what I think I understand: First off, the GHZ state ##|GHZ \rangle = \frac {|000\rangle+|111\rangle} {\sqrt 2}##, and ##\sigma_x## and ##\sigma_y## are the usual Pauli matrices, so the four operators are easy to calculate in Matlab. I'm thinking the expectation values of each operator...
  13. E

    How can I apply single qubit gates and CNOT to 8x1 column vectors?

    I know |GHZ>=(1/sqrt(2))[1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 1], and |000>= the tensor product |0> x |0> x |0> = [1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0]. Can I apply single qubit gates (i.e. 2x2 matrices) and CNOT (a 4x4 matrix) to 8x1 column vectors? If so, does anyone know a good starting point or a hint to get me moving...
  14. P

    Partial derivatives of thermodynamic state functions

    I'm in a first-year grad course on statistical mechanics and something about multivariable functions that has confused me since undergrad keeps popping up, mostly in the context of thermodynamics. Any insight would be much appreciated! This is a general question, but as an example imagine...
  15. I

    Infinite Square Well Expansion: Mass m in Ground State

    A particle of mass m is in the ground state on the infinite square well. Suddenly the well expends to twice it's original size (x going from 0 to a, to 0 to 2a) leaving the wave function monetarily undisturbed. On answering, for ##\Psi_{n}## I got ##\Psi_{n}## = ##\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}...
  16. kadiot

    Lockdown: Authoritarian State vs Liberal Democratic State

    Is it easier to enforce a lockdown in an AUTHORITARIAN state than in a liberal democratic state like ours? I think so! In centrally commanded economies, whatever the Politburo orders, goes... In a LIBERAL DEMOCRACY like ours, we all shout in a chaotic noisy cacophony, all wanting our voices...
  17. L

    I Is the potential energy always negative in the ground state of a hydrogen atom?

    Why energy of the electron in ground state of hydrogen atom is negative ##E_1=-13,6 \rm{eV}##? I am confused because energy is sum of kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is always positive. How do you know that potential energy is negative in this problem?
  18. P

    Quadrature distribution for an optical mode in the coherent state

    Hey there, the task I'm working on is written below. Find the quadrature distribution ρ(q), for an optical mode being in the coherent state |α>. Hint: use ∑Hn(x)*(t^n)/(n!) I really am struggling with this type of tasks :D I tried to follow a solved example that I found in my workbook, but...
  19. hagopbul

    I Biological solid state physics

    Hello all: I was wondering are we have a name for protein structure , or we consider them amorphous? Any one did a phono propagation in protein molecules ? Protein folding and phonons any relationship? When peptides came together and start to form the protein dose phonons/photon propagation...
  20. Saptarshi Sarkar

    Ground state energy of 5 electrons in infinite well

    As the temperature given was 0K, I calculated the ground state energy of the system. I considered 2 electrons to be in the n=1 state, 2 in the n=2 state and 1 in the n=3 state by Pauli's exclusion principle. By this configuration, I got the total energy of the system in the ground state to be...
  21. Cetus

    Five State Quantum System, understanding the question

    I’ve never worked with a quantum system with more that two states 1, -1, and I’ve just gotten this homework problem. I'm not sure what it means. Does this mean it has five states? Why are there two 0’s and two 1’s?
  22. r12214001

    Chemistry Complex ion oxidation state (with pic)

    question fig: solution manual: my solution: oxidation state of central cobalt is +6 due to 6 oxygen surrounding it,The other cobalt is +2 due to 2 oxygen surrounding it with NH3 ligand which is no count for oxidation state.
  23. BeyondBelief96

    A Two Different Fock State Inputs into a Beam Splitter

    Hello everyone, I am an undergraduate doing research in quantum optics, and my topic involves 50:50 beam splitters and studying entanglement for different input states. I came across a paper which I am using as a guide for now, but I wanted to derive a result they had and have been working on it...
  24. jisbon

    Electron excited from the ground state to a quantum state

    Hi there, popping by here to check my answer because another online platform has already answered it but my answer appears to be wrong. I can't seem to understand why though :/ Since I can find the energy at a state to be ##E_{n}=\dfrac {-13.6z^{2}}{n^{2}}eV## At ground state where n=1...
  25. currently

    Deriving ground state electron energy using Boundary Value

    This is the equation given. I attempted to use Radial Equation, obtained from separating variables, to solve for ##E_1##.
  26. Philip Koeck

    Show that entropy is a state function

    In a (reversible) Carnot cycle the entropy increase of the system during isothermal expansion at temperature TH is the same as its decrease during isothermal compression at TC. We can conclude that the entropy change of the system is zero after a complete Carnot cycle. The mentioned textbook now...
  27. M

    Understanding the Direction of Rotation for Stress State Equations

    Hi, The context for my question is: A thin plate, which lies in the x-y plane, contains a small hole of radius a . Consider a polar co-ordinate system r,􏰆 with its origin at the centre of the hole and 􏰆defined as the angle that a radial line makes with the x-axis. A uniform uniaxial tensile...
  28. M

    Show that the line state is separable

    I introduced the unitary transformation ##U=U_a \otimes U_b## with ##(U_a\otimes 1):\;|s,s> \rightarrow\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{d}}\sum_t \omega^{ts}|t,s> ## und ##(1\otimes U_b):\;|s,s> \rightarrow\,\frac{1}{\sqrt{d}}\sum_t \omega^{-ts}|s,t> ## ##(\omega=e^{2\pi i/d}##) and let it act on the state in...
  29. V

    A Equation of state of gravitational energy in open de Sitter?

    Hi, Gravitational energy in de Sitter has equation of state w=-1 (cosmological constant) and w=-1/3 (curvature energy in open or closed de Sitter). Is this just gravitational radiation, and how does this accord with the equation of state of photon radiation w=1/3? Does this mean that densities...
  30. J

    A Edge state question for a 2-D material and the quantum Hall effect

    I have read some materials about quantum hall effect and know that at the edge of a 2D material , one can linearize the potential V and the linear dispersion relation represents right/left moving fermion. So , Can I say that for a given hamiltonian , if I can linearizae it at edge, then this...
  31. N

    I Color state of quarks in quark-gluon plasma

    Hi, I have been taught that quarks don't exist individually on their own, as they has with be with at least another antiquark to form a colorless state. But in the quark-gluon plasma, do we have individual quarks in a color state or do they still, somehow, are in a color-neutral state? Thanks!
  32. E

    B The use of the dx in the quantum state vector integral

    As a simple example, the probability of measuring the position between x and x + dx is |\psi(x)|^{2} dx since |\psi(x)|^{2} is the probability density. So summing |\psi(x)|^{2} dx between any two points within the boundaries yields the required probability. The integral I'm confused about is...
  33. nomadreid

    I Quantum state variable for entangled system

    (This question is on the elementary side...) In the Schrödinger picture, the state is dependent on time. If you have a state composed of several particles, generally you can break them up, with each one depending on local time. But in an entangled system, say of two particles, you can no longer...
  34. F

    I What happens if a low energy photon collides with an atom in the ground state?

    What happen if a small energy photon collide an atom in ground state that the gap between energy levels of atom is greater than energy of photon?It seems that the medium absorbs light and transform to heat?
  35. beefbrisket

    I Taking a partial trace of a multipartite state for measurement

    I am attempting to understand how POVMs fit in with quantum measurement, and I think I am getting tripped up in notation when it comes to multipartite systems. The situation is as follows: System: \rho_A Measurement instrument: \rho_B = |\phi\rangle\langle\phi| (pure state) The multipartite...
  36. insanul

    Energy of singlet state and triplet state

    The picture shown below is one triplet state and one singlet excited state of molecular orbitals. According to Hund's Law, the triplet state, which has 2 electrons with parallel spin, has lower energy than the singlet state. I went through some papers, only to be told that the triplet state has...
  37. F

    I Why in BEC we must separate number of particles of ground state?

    In BEC, why do we separate the number of particles of ground state(E=0) from the integral(total number of particles) when temperature below critical temperature. Why is the overall integral wrong while the index of sum of number of particle can be considered as continuous? Is it correct that...
  38. Charlie Cheap

    Tube amplification vs solid state

    I am certain this has been answered...but I missed it. Why do so many guitar players swear by TUBE amps? My son-in-law says they just sound better. Because I was a TV/Radio service tech for 20 years with a degree from Elkins Institute, he asks me why? My guess was, maybe amplifying a signal...
  39. Haorong Wu

    How to determine whether a state is a ground state

    I guess the hard way is to solve the Schrödinger equation, but that would be exhausting. I think the F-H theorem would not apply here. So do the Virial theorem. Are there other theorems I forget?
  40. binbagsss

    A Multi-particle state, wave-function with fewer zeros interpretation

    Hi , reading some notes on quantum hall effect, a comparison between Moore-Read wavefunction and Laughlin wavefunction is ' the moore-read state has fewer zeros suggesting the particles are more densely packed' Just confused with understanding why fewer zeros means the particles are more...
  41. binbagsss

    A Fractional Quantum Hall Effect- degeneracy of ground state (Tong's notes)

    Hi , I'm looking at the argument in David Tongs notes (http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/qhe/three.pdf) for ground state degeneracy on depending on the topology of the manifold (page 97, section 3.2.4). I follow up to getting equation 3.31 but I'm stuck on the comment after : ' But such an...
  42. V

    MHB Solving Recurrence Relations Using Master Theorem/Akra-Bazzi

    first state whether it can be solved using the Master Theorem, and if it can then use that. Otherwise, use the Akra-Bazzi formula. 1. T(n) = 3T([n/3])+n 2. T(n) = T([n/4])+T([n/3])+n 3. T(n) = 2T([n/4])+√n
  43. A

    Solid State What is the best online course that follows Kittel for solid state physics?

    Hi, I am currently studying solid-state physics course from Charles Kittel's "introduction to SSP" I searched more on youtube to get lectures to follow the book of Kittel but failed. Really I would appreciate if anybody advises me online source which can help me to comprehend the contents of...
  44. R

    Comp Sci Finite state machine that doesn't terminate and detects overlapping strings

    Attached is what I have so far. I believe it is done but I am not 100% sure. It seems to me like every case is considered. For each state, and output of a,b, or c is possible.
  45. H

    A Overlap of nth QHO excited state and momentum-shifted QHO ground state

    ##\newcommand{\ket}[1]{|#1\rangle}## ##\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\langle#1|}## I have a momentum-shifting operator ##e^{i\Delta p x/\hbar}## acting on the ground state ##\ket{0}## of the QHO, and I want to compute the overlap of this state with the n##^{th}## excited QHO state ##\ket{n}##. Given...
  46. sams

    Calculating the Molecular Orbitals of a Molecular State

    I am performing ab initio calculations on a heteronuclear diatomic compound using the MRCI method on the MOLPRO quantum chemistry package. I obtained the molecular states of the compound but I was wondering how to find the molecular orbital configuration of each electronic state in addition to...
  47. samudra

    I What is the current state of research on the nature of Time?

    As a non-Physics major, like many others, I read science-fiction, hard science-fiction, have undergraduate/graduate courses on Astronomy and college physics. I also participated in R&D that produced electric rockets able to power small space vehicles (very slowly, but surely). I deal with...
  48. E

    B How to obtain state vector for polarised light

    If I'm using the basis vectors |u> and |r> for two polarisation states which are orthogonal in state space, I've seen the representation of a general state oriented at angle theta to the horizontal written as $$\lvert\theta\rangle = \cos(\theta) \lvert r \rangle + \sin(\theta) \lvert u...
  49. M

    A rather weird form of a coherent state

    As far as I know we can express the position and momentum operators in terms of ladder operators in the following way $${\begin{aligned}{ {x}}&={\sqrt {{\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\frac {1}{m\omega }}}}(a^{\dagger }+a)\\{{p}}&=i{\sqrt {{\frac {\hbar }{2}}m\omega }}(a^{\dagger }-a)~.\end{aligned}}.$$...
  50. H

    Why are most molecules in the singlet state instead of the triplet state?

    Most molecules are in singlet ground state which is of higher energy than triplet lower energy state .According to thermodynamics molecule tend to remain in lower energy state.Therefore,I presume molecules should remain in triplet state .Could anyone clarify my point
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