Linear algebra Definition and 999 Threads

Thread moved from technical math section, so there is no homework template. (∀λ∃ℝ) -x + y - z = 1 -2x + 10y + (2λ + 6) = 6 3x + 11y + (λ2+6)z = 5λ - 1 after gaussian elimination I have this: -1 4 -2 | 1 0 1 λ | 2 0 0 λ(λ-1) | 5λ So, for λ=0 ⇒ ∞ solutions, for λ=1...

Assume a table A(3x3) with the following: A [ 1 2 1 ]^T = 6 [ 1 2 1 ]^T A [ 1 -1 1 ]^T = 3 [ 1 -1 1 ]^T A [ 2 -1 0]^T = 3 [ 1 -1 1]^T Find the Eigenvalues and eigenvectors: I have in mind to start with the Av=λv or det(A-λI)v=0.... Also, the first 2 equations seems to have the form Av=λv...

For this, Does someone please know why the equation highlighted not be true if ##(A - 2I_2)## dose not have an inverse? Many thanks!

For this, I don't understand how if ##(A - 2I_2)^{-1}## has an inverse then the next line is true. Many thanks!

For this, I am confused by the second line. Does someone please know how it can it be true since the matrix dose not have an inverse. Many thanks!

Using the QR decomposition (the complex version) I want to prove that ##SL_2(C)## is homeomorphic to the product ##SU(2) × T## where ##T## is the set of upper-triangular 2×2-complex matrices with real positive entries at the diagonal. Deduce that ##SL(2, C)## is simply-connect. So, I can define...

Hello. I am currently doing a high school univariate calculus book, but I would like to go through Apostol's two volumes to get a strong foundation in calculus. His first volume seems great, and I've heard great things about his series, but I am not sure if his second volume contains sufficient...

The published solutions indicate that the nullspace is a plane in R^n. Why isn't the nullspace an n-1 dimensional space within R^n? For example, if I understand things correctly, the 1x2 matrix [1 2] would have a nullspace represented by any linear combination of the vector (-2,1), which...

Theorem: The columns of A which correspond to leading ones in the reduced row echelon form of A form a basis for Col(A). Moreover, dimCol(A)=rank(A).

The usual theorem is talking about the linear operator being restricted to an invariant subspace: I had no problem understanding its proof, it appears here for example: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3386595/restriction-operator-t-w-is-diagonalizable-if-t-is-diagonalizable However, I...

The classical "power method" for solving one special eigenvalue of an operator works, in a finite-dimensional vector space, as follows: suppose an operator ##\hat{A}## can be written as an ##n\times n## matrix, and its unknown eigenvectors are (in Dirac bra-ket notation) ##\left|\psi_1...

Hi, If ##|a\rangle## is an eigenvector of the operator ##A##, I know that for any scalar ##c \neq 0## , ##c|a\rangle## is also an eigenvector of ##A## Now, is the ket ##F(B)|a\rangle## an eigenvector of ##A##? Where ##B## is an operator and ##F(B)## a function of ##B##. Is there way to show...

So, I've been watching eigenchris's video series "Tensors for Beginners" on YouTube. I am currently on video 14. I, in the position of a complete beginner, am taking notes on it, and I just wanted to make sure I wasn't misinterpreting anything. At about 5:50, he states that "The array for Q is...

So, I've been watching eigenchris's video series "Tensors for Beginners" on YouTube. I am currently on video 14. I am a complete beginner and just want some clarification on if I'm truly understanding the material. Basically, is everything below this correct? In summary of the derivation of the...

I refer to the video of this page, where there is a description of Galilean relativity that is meant to be an introduction to SR, making the comprehension of the latter easier as a smooth evolution from the former. All the series is in my opinion excellent, but I think that this aspect is...

Top-Down-Perspective: At first I am quite sure that the problem is not solvable since there are that many unknowns. But my Approach would be to create a linear function with P1 and P2 and then set it equal to the function that gets me the impact location of P3 and then solve it by b3. Thanks...

I'm watching a nice video that tries to explain how linear algebra enters the picture in quantum physics. A quick summary: Classical physics requires that physical quantities are single-valued and vary smoothly as they evolve in time. So a natural way to model classical physical quantities is...

## A = \pmatrix{ -4 & -3 & 3 & 3 \\ -3 & -4 & 3 & 3 \\ -6 & -3 & 5 & 3 \\ -3 & -6 & 3 & 5 } ## over ## \mathbb{R}##. Let ## T_A: \mathbb{R}^4 \to \mathbb{R}^4 ## be defined as ## T_A v = Av ##. Thus, ## T_A ## represents ## A ## in the standard basis, meaning ## [ T_A]_{e} = A ##. I've...

We have three Random variable or vector A,B,C. Condition is A & B are independent as well as B & C are independent RVs . But A & C are the same random variable with same distribution . So How can determine E{ABC}. Can I write this E{ABC}= E{AE{B}C}?

I came across the following problem somewhere on the web. The original site is long gone. The problem has me stumped. May be sopmeone can provide some insight. (The problem seems too simple to post in the "Linear/Abstract Algebra" forum.) The Cost of Beer It was nearing Easter, and a group...

I learned that for a bilinear form/square form the following theorem holds: matrices ## A , B ## are congruent if and only if ## A,B ## represent the same bilinear/quadratic form. Now, suppose I have the following quadratic form ## q(x,y) = x^2 + 3xy + y^2 ##. Then, the matrix representing...

I don't really know how I am supposed to approach that. In general, I know how to show that a function is linear, which is to show that ##f(\alpha \cdot x) = \alpha \cdot f(x)## and ##f(x_1 + x_2) = f(x_1) + f(x_2)##. However, for this specific function, I have no idea, since there is nothing...

I'm trying to review some high school maths and work my way to Calculus and Linear Algebra, and I found these three translations of Japanese maths textbooks translated by the AMS and edited by Kunihiko Kodaira. The AMS links to them are: https://bookstore.ams.org/cdn-1669378252560/mawrld-8/...

Well, my guess is that there is something wrong with the factors chosen, because ##\left\Vert \left(0,1,0\right)\right\Vert =1## and \begin{align} \left\Vert F\left(0,1,0\right)\right\Vert &=\left\Vert...

So, a friend of mine has attempted a solution. Unfortunately, he's having numbers spawn out of nowhere and a lot of stuff is going on there which I can't make sense of. I'm going to write down the entire attempt. $$ 0 \in X \; \text{otherwise no subgroup since neutral element isn't included}...

The problem reads: ##f:M \rightarrow N##, and ##L \subseteq M## and ##P \subseteq N##. Then prove that ##L \subseteq f^{-1}(f(L))## and ##f(f^{-1}(P)) \subseteq P##. My co-students and I can't find a way to prove this. I hope, someone here will be able to help us out. It would be very...

I would appreciate help walking through this. I put solid effort into it, but there's these road blocks and questions that I can't seem to get past. This is homework I've assigned myself because these are nagging questions that are bothering me that I can't figure out. I'm studying purely on my...

Let C2x2 be the complex vector space of 2x2 matrices with complex entries. Let and let T be the linear operator onC2x2 defined by T(A) = BA. What is the rank of T? Can you describe T2? ____________________________________________________________ An ordered basis for C2x2 is: I don't...

"There is a linear transformation T from R3 to R3 such that T (1, 0, 0) = (1,0,−1), T(0,1,0) = (1,0,−1) and T(0,0,1) = (1,2,2)" - why is this the case? Thank you.

Summary: What would be a good book for learning Linear Algebra by myself in my situation (which is explained in my post below)? I did an undergraduate Linear Algebra course about 18 years ago. The textbook we used was Howard Anton’s “Elementary Linear Algebra”. The problem is that I never...

I don't understand the solution: that for (1, ..., 1) the additive inverse is (-1, ..., -1), so the condition is not satisfied (and it is not a subspace). Which condition is not met? Thank you.

Hello, PF! It’s been a while since I last posted. I am looking for a critique and recommendations regarding my study plan towards Functional Analysis and applications (convex optimization, optimal control), but first, some background: - This plan is in preparation for my master’s thesis, I...

I am trying to convert the attached picture into dirac notation. I find the LHS simple, as it is just <ψ,aφ>=<ψIaIφ> The RHS gives me trouble as I am interpreting it as <a†ψ,φ>=<ψIa†Iφ> but if I conjugate that I get <φIaIψ>* which is not equiv to the LHS. *Was going to type in LaTex but I...

So this expression is apparently in Sz basis? How can you see that? How would it look in Sy basis for example? The solution is following. They are putting Sz as a basis, bur how do you know that Sz is the basis here? Thanks

Inner product is a generalization of the dot product on spaces other than Euclidean and for vectors it is defined in the same way as the dot product. If we have two vectors $v$ and $w$, than their inner product is: $$\langle v|w\rangle = v_1w_1 + v_2w_2 + ...+v_nw_n $$ where $v_1,w_1...

Hello, I have been looking for textbooks for self-studying linear algebra, which seems to be quite an important course. I have read that in order to study quantum mechanics well, one must have a very good command of linear algebra. Some textbooks in my country are quite bad and only teach...

Let's assume that ##A## is unitary and diagonalisable, so, we have ## \Lambda = C^{-1} A C ## Since, ##\Lambda## is made up of eigenvalues of ##A##, which is unitary, we have ## \Lambda \Lambda^* = \Lambda \bar{\Lambda} = I##. I tried using some, petty, algebra to prove that ##C C* = I## but...

Summary: Hello! I'm an high school student and i want to study more math but I'm not sure where to start. Should i first study linear algebra or calculus? Hello! I'm an high school student and i want to study more math but I'm not sure where to start. Should i first study linear algebra or...

Actual statement: Proof (of Mr. Tom Apostol): We will do the proof by induction on ##n##. Base Case: n=1. When ##n=1##, the matrix of T will be have just one value and therefore, the characteristic polynomial ##det(\lambda I -A)=0## will have only one solution. So, the Eigenvector...

I’m really unable to solve those questions which ask to find a nonsingular ##C## such that $$ C^{-1} A C$$ is a digonal matrix. Some people solve it by finding the eigenvalues and then using it to form a diagonal matrix and setting it equal to $$C^{-1} A C$$. Can you please tell me from scratch...

i-th column of ##cof~A## = $$ \begin{bmatrix} (-1)^{I+1} det~A_{1i} \\ (-1)^{I+2} det ~A_{2i}\\ \vdots \\ (-1)^{I+n} det ~A_{ni}\\ \end{bmatrix}$$ Therefore, the I-th row of ##(cof~A)^t## = ##\big[ (-1)^{I+1} det~A_{1i}, (-1)^{I+2} det ~A_{2i}, \cdots, (-1)^{I+n} det ~A_{ni} \big]## The I-th...

If I have a ##n\times n## matrix $$ U= \begin{bmatrix} u_{11} & u_{12} &u_{13} & \cdots u_{1n} \\ 0 & u_{22} & u_{23} & \cdots u_{2n} \\ 0&0 &u_{33} &\cdots u_{3n}\\ \vdots & \vdots &\vdots & \cdots \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &\cdots u_{nn} \end{bmatrix} $$ Now, I don't want to use the fact that it's...

Let ##S## be the subset of real (infinite) sequences (##a_1,a_2,\ldots##) with ##\lim a_n=0## and let ##V## be the space of all real sequences. Is ##S## a subspace of ##V##? Hello. I want to ask for help to start solving this problem. I don't understand how I can apply the theory I've studied...

Hi there, I am currently reading a course on euclidian spaces and I came across this result that I am struggling to prove : Let ##F## be a subspace of ##E## (of finite dimension) such that ##F=span(e_1, e_2, ..., e_p)## (not necessarily an orthogonal family of vectors), let ##x \in E## Then...

Let me first list the four axioms that a determinant function follows: 1. ## d (A_1, \cdots, t_kA_k, \cdots, A_n)=t_kd(A_1, \cdots A_k, \cdots, A_n)## for any ##A_k## and ##t_k## 2. ##d(A_1, \cdots A_k + C , \cdots A_n)= d(A_1, \cdots A_k, \cdots A_n) + d(A_1, \cdots C, \cdots A_n)## for any...

When a matrix is represented as a box it seems all very clear, but this representation $$ A = (a_{ij} )_{i, j =1}^{m,n}$$ Isn't very representative to me. The i -j thing creates a lot of confusion, when we write ##a_{ij}## do we mean the element of i th row and jth column or the other way...

Hello everyone, I would like to get some help with the above problem on signals and linear projections. Is my approach reasonable? If it is incorrect, please help. Thanks! My approach is that s3(t) ad s4(t) are both linear combinations of s1(t) and s2(t), so we need an orthonormal basis for the...

We got two vectors ##\mathbf{v_1}## and ##\mathbf{v_2}##, their sum is, geometrically, : Now, let us rotate the triangle by angle ##\phi## (is this type of things allowed in mathematics?) OC got rotated by angle ##\phi##, therefore ##OC' = T ( \mathbf{v_1} + \mathbf{v_2})##, and similarly...

(We are working in a real Euclidean space) So, we have to show two things: (1)the arrow goes from left to right, (2) the arrow comes from right to left. (1) if we're given ##\langle x, y \rangle = 0 ## $$ || x+ cy||^2 = \langle x,x \rangle + 2c\langle x,y\rangle +c^2 \langle y,y \rangle $$ $$...

The Homework Statement reads the question. We have $$ \langle f,g \rangle = \sum_{k=0}^{n} f\left(\frac{k}{n}\right) ~g\left( \frac{k}{n} \right) $$ If ##f(t) = t##, we have degree of ##f## is ##1##, so, should I take ##n = 1## in the above inner product formula and proceed as follows $$...