How to Integrate [1/(x^2 + 3)] dx?

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SUMMARY

The integral of the function ##\int \frac{1}{x^2 + 3} \ dx## can be solved using the substitution ##x = \sqrt{3} \tan \theta##, leading to the transformation of the integral into a simpler form. The final result of the integration is ##\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{3}} \right) + C##. This solution can be verified by differentiating the result to check if it returns to the original integrand.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of trigonometric identities, specifically ##\tan \theta## and ##\sec^2 \theta##.
  • Familiarity with integration techniques, particularly substitution methods.
  • Knowledge of inverse trigonometric functions, especially ##\tan^{-1}##.
  • Basic differentiation skills to verify integral results.
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  • Learn about the properties and applications of inverse trigonometric functions.
  • Practice verifying integrals by differentiation to reinforce understanding.
  • Explore advanced integration techniques, including partial fractions and integration by parts.
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askor
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What is ##\int \frac{1}{x^2 + 3} \ dx##?

This is my attempt:

triangle.PNG

##x = \sqrt{3} \tan \theta## --> ##dx = \sqrt{3} \sec^2 \theta \ d\theta##

##x^2 + 3 = (\sqrt{3} \tan \theta)^2 + 3##
##= 3 \tan^2 \theta + 3##
##= 3 (\tan^2 \theta + 1)##
##= 3 \sec^2\theta##

##\int \frac{1}{x^2 + 3} \ dx = \int \frac{1}{3 \sec^2\theta} (\sqrt{3} \sec^2 \theta \ d\theta)##
##= \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \int d\theta##
##= \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \theta + C##

Is there any next steps?

Is this correct?

Thanks
 
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You can always check an integral for yourself by differentiating your answer to see whether you get the original integrand.
 
I know, but I am still don't understand what should I do with the theta.
 
askor said:
I know, but I am still don't understand what should I do with the theta.
You have ##x = \sqrt 3 \tan \theta##. That means that ##\theta = \tan^{-1}\big (\dfrac x {\sqrt 3} \big )##
 
Thank you very much, now I understand. So the final result is ##\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{\sqrt{3}x}{3} \right) + C##
 
askor said:
Thank you very much, now I understand. So the final result is ##\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{3}} \right) + C##
Yes. And you can check by differentiating that.
 

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