Why Does Current Direction Affect Voltage Sign in KVL Analysis?

[PainterGuy]

Hello,

Please have a look on the following linked diagram:
http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/1456/img0001vsi.jpg

While applying KVL it is not necessary to have the loop traversing direction and the current direction the same. e.g. the loop could be traversed CW and the current direction could be CCW. But in some situations having the directions for the both current and loop could make things easier such as in mesh analysis. Further, the direction of current defines the polarities of the resistors because the current flows from higher potential toward lower. If a resistor is traversed in the same direction as the current then the IR term would have -ve sign, otherwise it would be +ve.

In the linked diagram if we star traversing the loop from point "a", then the equation would be:

+E - IR1 -IR2 = 0

Question:-
In some cases I have seen when the current enters a voltage source from its positive terminal then the V is +ve otherwise it will be –ve. Why is so? Most often when the current enters the voltage source from its +ve terminal then the V is taken to be -ve. Please help.

Cheers

 

[gneill]

Resistors don't have polarities, per say. The polarity that we ascribe to them is based upon the assumed direction of the current flowing through them. If our choice of current direction happens to be counter to the actual current flowing (which you might determine at the end of the analysis), then there's no problem -- the math takes care of everything.

Voltage sources are different. They most assuredly have a polarity. Whether you take the change in voltage as positive or negative depends solely on the direction in which you pass through the source while following your path around the loop. If you enter at the + terminal and exit at the - terminal, you have a voltage drop. If you enter at the - terminal and exit at the +, then you have a voltage rise.

 

[PainterGuy]

Thanks, gneill.

I agree with what you say that if you enter at the + terminal and exit at the - terminal, you have a voltage drop. If you enter at the - terminal and exit at the +, then you have a voltage rise. But a book I have used do it differently.

In some cases I have seen when the current enters a voltage source from its positive terminal then the V is +ve otherwise it will be –ve. Why is so?

Cheers

 

[yoshtov]

As I conceptualize it, entering a voltage source from the positive terminal acts like a resistor. This can occur if you have several batteries wired in parallel, and there is enough EMF present to "force" current to go the other way through the voltage source. In any case, the voltage source will always impede current traveling through it in the reverse direction.

Does that answer your question?

 

[rwisz]

,

I can provide some clarification on Kircchoff's Voltage Law (KVL). KVL is a fundamental law in circuit analysis that states that the sum of all voltages around a closed loop in a circuit must equal zero. This means that the total voltage gained or dropped across all components in a loop must balance out.

In terms of the directions of current and loop traversal, it is true that they do not necessarily have to be the same. However, it is important to note that the direction of current does determine the polarity of the resistors in the loop. If the current is flowing in the same direction as the loop traversal, the IR term will have a negative sign. If the current is flowing in the opposite direction, the IR term will have a positive sign.

In terms of the polarity of voltage sources, it can be confusing as to why the voltage is sometimes taken as positive or negative. This is because voltage is a measure of potential difference between two points. When the current enters a voltage source from its positive terminal, it is gaining potential energy and therefore the voltage is taken as positive. Conversely, when the current enters a voltage source from its negative terminal, it is losing potential energy and therefore the voltage is taken as negative.

I hope this helps clarify any confusion and further understanding of KVL. It is a crucial tool in circuit analysis and understanding the behavior of electrical circuits.