QED : Momentum of the photon-field

[Kalimaa23]

Greetings,

I have to show that

\vec{P}=\frac{1}{c^2} \int d^3 x N \left(\dot{A}^{\mu} \nabla A_{\mu}\right)

is equivalent to

\vec{P}= \sum_{\vec{k}} \hbar \vec{k} N(\vec{k})

N in the first expression denotes the normal product, and N(\vec{k}) is the usual number operator.

Now taking the normal ordering one gets
\vec{P}=\frac{1}{c^2} \int d^3 x \left\{\dot{A}^{\mu,+} \nabla A_{\mu}^{+} + \nabla A_{\mu}^{-} \dot{A}^{\mu,+} + \dot{A}^{\mu,-} \nabla A_{\mu}^{+} + \dot{A}^{\mu,-} \nabla A_{\mu}^{-}\right\}

The middle terms give the sougth expression, the exponentials in the expansion of the A_{\mu} nicely cancelling. The first and the last term however is giving me trouble. I basically end up with an unwanted term of the form

\sum_{\vec{k},r} \frac{\hbar \vec{k}}{2} \int \frac{d^3x}{V} \left\{\epsilon^{\mu}_{r} (\vec{k}) \epsilon_{\mu,r} (\vec{k}) \left(a(\vec{k}) a(\vec{k})e^{-2ik.x} + a^{+} (\vec{k}) a^{+} (\vec{k}) e^{2ik.x}\right)\right\}

How to get rid of it?

 

[dextercioby]

I don't like that box normalization.Here's how i do it.

P_{\mu}=\int d^{3}x \ \left(-F^{0\rho}\partial_{\mu}A_{\rho}-\delta_{\mu}^{0}\mathcal{L}_{0}\right) (1)

P_{j}=\int d^{3}x \ \left(-F^{0\rho}\partial_{j}A_{\rho}\right) <br /> <br /> =\int d^{3}x \ \left(-F^{0k}\partial_{j}A_{k}\right) (2)

A^{\mu}=\int \frac{d^{3}p}{(2\pi)^{3}2p_{0}(\vec{p})}\left[ a^{\mu}(p)e^{-ipx}+a^{*\mu}(p)e^{ipx}\right] (3)

\partial_{j}A_{k}(x) =\int \frac{d^{3}p}{(2\pi)^{3}2p_{0}(\vec{p})} \left(-ip_{j}\right) \left[a_{k}(p) e^{-ipx}-a_{k}^{*}(p) e^{ipx} \right] (4)

F^{0k}(x)=\int \frac{d^{3}q}{(2\pi)^{3}2q_{0}(\vec{q})}\left(-i\right) \left\{\left[q_{0}(\vec{q})a^{k}(q)-q^{k}a^{0}(q)\right]e^{-iqx}-\left[q_{0}(\vec{q})a^{k}(q)-q^{k}a^{0}(q)\right]^{*}e^{iqx}\right\} (5)

Therefore

P_{j}=\int \frac{d^{3}x \ d^{3}p \ d^{3}q}{(2\pi)^{6}2p_{0}(\vec{p}) \ 2q_{0}(\vec{q})} p_{j}\left[ a_{k}(p)e^{-ipx}-a^{*}_{k}(p)e^{ipx}\right]
\times \left\{\left[q_{0}(\vec{q})a^{k}(q)-q^{k}a^{0}(q)\right]e^{-iqx}-\left[q_{0}(\vec{q})a^{k}(q)-q^{k}a^{0}(q)\right]^{*}e^{iqx}\right\} (6)

Can u do all calculations...?U'll have to break into 4 parts.2 of them give the desired result,while 2 cancel,as they are integrations of odd functions on even domains wrt the origin.

Daniel.

 

[dextercioby]

And of course,"p" is shorthand from the four-vector:

p^{\mu}=\left(p_{0}(\vec{p}),\vec{p}\right) \ ;p_{0}\left(\vec{p}\right)=\left|\vec{p}\right|

Daniel.

 

[dextercioby]

Here's another way of looking at it (other lecture notes,other conventions,blah,blah,blah).

A_{\mu}(x)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}}\int \frac{d^{3}k}{\sqrt{2k_{0}}} \sum_{\lambda=0}^{3} \epsilon_{\mu}^{\lambda} \left[a_{\lambda}(k)e^{-ikx}+a_{\lambda}^{*}(k) e^{ikx}\right] (1)

Imposing the Lorenz-Lorentz gauge

a_{3}(k)=a_{0}(k) (2)

The calculation is done for the hamiltonian and the momentum is found by covariance.

H=-\frac{1}{2}\int d^{3}x \left[(\partial_{0}A_{\mu})(\partial_{0}A^{\mu})+(\nabla A_{\mu})\cdot(\nabla A^{\mu})\right]

=\frac{1}{2(2\pi)^{3}}\int \frac{d^{3}x \ d^{3}k \ d^{3}q}{\sqrt{2k_{0}q_{0}}} \sum_{\lambda,\lambda&#039;=0}^{3} \left[\epsilon^{\lambda}(k)\epsilon^{\lambda&#039;}(q)\right] \left [\left(k_{0}q_{0}+\vec{k}\cdot\vec{q}\right)a_{\lambda}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}(q) e^{-i(k+q)x}

\left -\left(k_{0}q_{0}+\vec{k}\cdot\vec{q}\right)a_{\lambda}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}^{*}(q) e^{-i(k-q)x}-\left(k_{0}q_{0}+\vec{k}\cdot\vec{q}\right)a_{\lambda}^{*}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}(q) e^{i(k-q)x}+\left(k_{0}q_{0}+\vec{k}\cdot\vec{q}\right)a_{\lambda}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}^{*}(q) e^{-i(k+q)x} \right]

=\frac{1}{2}\int d^{3}k \frac{1}{2k_{0}}\sum_{\lambda,\lambda&#039;=0}^{3} \left[\epsilon^{\lambda}(k)\cdot\epsilon^{\lambda&#039;}(k)\right] \left[-2k_{0}^{2}a_{\lambda}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}^{*}(k)-2k_{0}^{2}a_{\lambda}^{*}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}(k)\right]

=-\frac{1}{2}\int d^{3}k \ k_{0}\sum_{\lambda,\lambda&#039;} g^{\lambda\lambda&#039;} \left[a_{\lambda}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}^{*}(k)+a_{\lambda}^{*}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}(k) \right]

=-\int d^{3}k \ k_{0} \sum_{\lambda,\lambda&#039;} g^{\lambda\lambda&#039;}a^{*}_{\lambda}(k)a_{\lambda&#039;}(k)

=-\int d^{3}k \ k_{0}\left[a_{0}^{*}(k)a_{0}(k)-a_{1}^{*}(k)a_{1}(k)-a_{2}^{*}(k)a_{2}(k)-a_{3}^{*}(k)a_{3}(k) \right] (3)

To be continued.

Daniel.

 

[dextercioby]

Using (3) & (2),one gets the desired result

H=\int d^{3}k \ k_{0} \left[a_{1}^{*}(k)a_{1}(k)+a_{2}^{*}(k)a_{2}(k)\right] (4)

Now,through Lorentz covariance,u find easily

\vec{P}=\int d^{3}k \ \vec{k} \left[a_{1}^{*}(k)a_{1}(k)+a_{2}^{*}(k)a_{2}(k)\right] (5)

So this is the classical theory.(5) is the momentum of the field.

Now realize the canonical quantization.The complex amplitudes thus far become operators of annihilation and creation.To avoid an infinit vacuum energy & momentum of the quantum field,one introduces the normal ordering product.

The "sought expression" is

:\hat{\vec{P}}: \ =\int d^{3}k \ \vec{k}\left[\hat{a}_{1}^{\dagger}(k)\hat{a}_{1}(k)+\hat{a}_{2}^{\dagger}(k)\hat{a}_{2}(k)\right] (6)

Define the Number operator and reconsider hbar and you've got it.

Daniel.

 

[Kalimaa23]

Hmm, I like the second approach. Its a lot more insightful than the I'm working, but then again I'm stuck using the Mandl & Shaw conventions. Putting stuff in a box and then imposing boundary conditions has always struck me as weird...

 

[dextercioby]

It doesn't look too logical to me.Sides,there are better books than Mandl & Shaw.I've been taught after Bailin & Love.

Daniel.