What is the sequence described by the counts of integer Cartesian coordinates (x, y) within circles of successive whole number radii centered at the origin?
It's the Gauss Circle Problem, with values http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A000328 or http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A051132 depending on how you handle the boundaries. I don't have an explicit formula for this myself, though the MathWorld article has a few sum representations.
It is well known that a vector space always admits an algebraic (Hamel) basis. This is a theorem that follows from Zorn's lemma based on the Axiom of Choice (AC).
Now consider any specific instance of vector space. Since the AC axiom may or may not be included in the underlying set theory, might there be examples of vector spaces in which an Hamel basis actually doesn't exist ?