# Spherical Shell with Fluid

## Homework Statement

A spherical shell of mass M and radius R is completely filled with a frictionless fluid, also of mass M. It is released
from rest, and then it rolls without slipping down an incline that makes an angle θ with the horizontal. What will
be the acceleration of the shell down the incline just after it is released? Assume the acceleration of free fall is g.
The moment of inertia of a thin shell of radius r and mass m about the center of mass is I =2/ 3mr2; the moment
of inertia of a solid sphere of radius r and mass m about the center of mass is I =2/5mr2.

(A) a = g sin θ
(B) a =3/4 g sin θ
(C) a =1/2 g sin θ
(D) a =3/8 g sin θ
(E) a =3/5 g sin θ

.

## The Attempt at a Solution

I considered the fluid inside to be a "sphere in sphere" and used conservation of energy to get 2M*g*h=M*v^2 + 2/5*Mv^2+ 2/3 * Mv^2. (I used the fact that 2*1/2 =1 and that v=omega*r to simply). Adding the right hand side and diving by M give me 2*g*h= 29/15 v^2. I then divide by 2*h to get g=(29/15*v^2)/2h. How do I go from here?

haruspex
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2/5*Mv^2
How will a fluid filled sphere behave differently from a solid sphere of the same mass distribution? (Not a rhetorical question.)

Nathanael
Won't the density inside the the sphere be less than the exterior since there is the same mass with a far larger volume in the interior?

haruspex
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Won't the density inside the the sphere be less than the exterior since there is the same mass with a far larger volume in the interior?
I wrote "same mass distribution'. I.e., what if the fluid were replaced by an equally dense solid, not the same as the sphere's shell, but fixed rigidly inside it?

I would say then there would be no difference.

haruspex
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I would say then there would be no difference.
No, there's a difference. Imagine a large basin filled with water in front of you. You seize the handles on the sides and turn it suddenly. Does it require a lot of torque?

Yes?

haruspex
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Yes?
Well, no it doesn't. Nowhere near as much as if it contained the same mass of ice. Can you not see why?
Fill a cup with water and sprinkle something on top that you can then observe floating. Rotate the cup. What do you notice? What would look different if the water were solid?

I noticed that the floating thing is rotating as well and I think that if the water was solid that nothing would rotate.

haruspex
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I noticed that the floating thing is rotating as well and I think that if the water was solid that nothing would rotate.
relative to the room or relative to the cup? (I mean, while the cup is rotating.)

Relative to the cup.

haruspex
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Relative to the cup.
Right, the liquid does not rotate fully with the cup. It does rotate a bit because of drag between the cup and water and within the water, but go back and read the problem statement. What does it tell you about the fluid here?

It's frictionless.

Nathanael
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It's frictionless.
If the liquid in your cup was frictionless, would it rotate (relative to the room) when you rotated the cup?

What about the liquid inside the rotating sphere?

Yes, so same with the sphere.

Nathanael
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It would rotate relative to the room if it were frictionless? If there's no friction between the cup and the liquid how does it get rotating?

Well I thought that if it was frictionless that the it wouldn't rotate with respect to the cup and that since the cup is rotation with respect to the room that the liquid would also be in rotation relative to the room.

Nathanael
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Well I thought that if it was frictionless that the it wouldn't rotate with respect to the cup and that since the cup is rotation with respect to the room that the liquid would also be in rotation relative to the room.
By "it wouldn't rotate relative to the cup" you essentially mean "it would rotate with the cup" right?

The liquid has inertia, it takes some force (friction) to get it to rotate with the cup. Otherwise, it would rather sit still.

Man all the reference frames can get confusing sometimes, but I'm starting to get what you're saying.

Nathanael
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Man all the reference frames can get confusing sometimes, but I'm starting to get what you're saying.
Consider a bowl of soup. If you rotate the bowl slowly, the soup rotates with it.
But what happens when you rotate the bowl quickly? The soup still rotates with the bowl slightly, but not nearly as much.
The faster you rotate the bowl, the less the soup rotates.

This is because rotating the bowl faster and faster is like reducing the force of friction. You're not actually reducing the force of friction, but you are reducing the time that the friction is acting for (thereby reducing the effect of friction). So you see, the more you reduce the friction, the less the soup rotates. If the soup was somehow frictionless, it would not rotate at all!

So back to the ball filled with liquid rolling down the hill (an interesting problem!).
It will be like a spherical shell rolling down a hill with a ball of liquid just "floating" down the hill (i.e. not rotating). See if you can't work out the mathematics of that situation.

Okay so I came up with 2Mgh=.5Mv^2+/5*2/3*Mv^2+1/2mv^2 (once again using v=omega*r)
Adding and simplifying I got gh=2/3*v^2.
Where do i go from there?

Nathanael
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If you can explain your equations a bit that would be helpful (especially since it's hard to read without tex)

It looks like you used conservation of energy? Conservation of energy isn't necessary in this situation, just consider the forces on the object. What are all the forces/torques, and what effect should they produce?

I did use conservation of energy.

But taking forces I see gravity acting down with a force of 2Mg and a normal force of 2Mgcos(theta). Am I missing something?

Nathanael
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Am I missing something?
What about friction? (Assume the coefficient of static friction is large enough.)

Remember the goal is to find the acceleration of the object down the slope.

Wait, isn't friction negligible since it's a sphere?

Nathanael
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No. Friction is 100% necessary. Without friction, the sphere won't roll (this is because it is rolling down an incline).

Why is that?

Nathanael
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That is what I would like you to figure out :)

What does it mean for the sphere to be "rolling," can you write it in an equation?

What I'm thinking is that for a sphere to roll it need both a translational and angular velocity, but I'm don't know how to express that as an equation.

Nathanael
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What I'm thinking is that for a sphere to roll it need both a translational and angular velocity, but I'm don't know how to express that as an equation.
Right, but not just any translational/angular velocity.

To be "rolling" means there is a special relationship between the angular speed and the translational speed.

I will just tell you:

$v=ωR$

What does this tell you about the translational and angular acceleration?