The discussion highlights the challenges faced by students in Chemistry 1 at two-year colleges or universities. A significant difficulty noted is solving equilibrium expressions, which involves complex equations. Conceptually, understanding quantum mechanics poses a challenge, particularly for those without a background in physics or quantum chemistry. It's recommended that students review quantum mechanics and orbital theory prior to the course to better grasp the material. Additionally, memorizing the charges of ions, especially polyatomic ions, is a common struggle, with confusion arising from similar names like sulfate, sulfite, and sulfurous. Overall, chemical equilibrium and atomic theory are identified as particularly tough concepts for students lacking foundational knowledge in these areas.