A slightly different definition (with the same answers); the "black box" approach:
1) Measure (or calculate) the open circuit voltage on the output terminals (i.e. RL = ∞ in your schematic). This is the Thevenin voltage.
2) Measure (or calculate) the short circuit current from the output terminals (i.e. RL = 0 in your schematic). Divide the open circuit voltage by the short circuit current to get the Thevenin resistance.
Of course this only works for circuits that are linear and passive.