Why does heat make objects break?

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Homework Help Overview

The discussion revolves around the effects of temperature changes on the structural integrity of objects, specifically focusing on why heating and then rapidly cooling a stone may lead to its breaking. The original poster describes an experiment involving heating a stone and subsequently placing it in cold water, questioning the physical principles behind the observed results.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory, Conceptual clarification, Assumption checking

Approaches and Questions Raised

  • Participants explore the concept of thermal stress and its relation to material failure, with some questioning the definitions and physical terms associated with the phenomenon. There is an inquiry into the mechanics of how thermal gradients lead to cracking and the nature of the stress involved.

Discussion Status

Participants are actively engaging with the topic, with some providing suggestions for further research and exploration of relevant terms. There is a recognition of the complexity of the concepts involved, and multiple interpretations of the physical processes are being considered.

Contextual Notes

The original poster mentions a specific experiment and expresses uncertainty about the terminology and physical explanations required to articulate their observations. There is an implication of imposed homework constraints regarding the need to prove the concept.

albert.mck
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Homework Statement


I need to proove that temperature changes make objects break. I used a stone, and heated it for about 10 minutes. After that I put it in cold water. According to my teacher that should've broken the stone, but it didn't. I had to give it a few hits, not too many or too strong, with a hammer until it broke in half. Why does this happen? I know it's because it expands and then contracts too fast, but I don't know what physical terms I need to use or a physical explanation.
 
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Albert.mck said:

Homework Statement


I need to proove that temperature changes make objects break. I used a stone, and heated it for about 10 minutes. After that I put it in cold water. According to my teacher that should've broken the stone, but it didn't. I had to give it a few hits, not too many or too strong, with a hammer until it broke in half. Why does this happen? I know it's because it expands and then contracts too fast, but I don't know what physical terms I need to use or a physical explanation.

Welcome to the PF.

What research and reading have you done on this so far? I would start with a Google search using terms like Thermal Stress Fracture Crack Brake, and so on. Let us know what you find... :smile:
 
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I found that it happens when a thermal gradient causes different parts of the object to expand by different amounts. And that the stress of the expansion may overcome the strength of the object, causing a crack to form.
But I still don't get why it causes it to break. Or what is the "stress of the expansion"
 

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