The primary difference between an op-amp and a differential amplifier lies in their input configurations and intended applications. A differential amplifier has two inputs and amplifies the difference between them, while an op-amp typically operates as a single-ended amplifier with respect to ground. Op-amps are high-gain, high-input impedance devices designed for feedback configurations, whereas differential amplifiers can function in both open-loop and closed-loop modes. Additionally, a differential amplifier can be constructed using two op-amps with external resistors to achieve specified input impedance and gain. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for effective circuit design and application.