Electrons Definition and 998 Threads

How electron revolves around orbitals? Is the velocity uniform or accelerated?

The Atom of Helium is doubly excited in 2p2 1D Can someone explain to me how these energy symbols work? I have a problem with what the 1D means specifically. I know 2p2 means two electrons in the 2p state. The 1 in 1D could be referring to electron being in a singleton, but I don't understand...

Homework Statement Given Slater's expression for effective charge below, determine the effective charge experienced by the valence electrons of Sb.Homework Equations Zeff = Z - 0.35a - 0.85b - c Where Z= the nuclear charge; a= the number of s and p electrons in the same shell; b= the number of...

Phonons on their own lead to the common heat equation. One sees that for example in insulators or non doped semiconductors. However in metals (or conductors), the electrons are the ones that are mostly responsible for the heat transfer, which extremely surprisingly to me, is also of the form of...

I was watching this video ( ), and around the 1:52 mark the woman said that it is impossible to image molecules with visible light. By her demonstration, I took this to mean that we can't use visible light to image molecules because visible light is too large to be reflected by the molecule...

Since electrons pop in and out of existence, are they virtual particles?

I'm not questioning whether electrons exist or whether or not they have a role in chemical bonding. I'm just asking how we know the nucleis and electrons are just parts of a larger whole, aka the atom.

I feel like I must be missing something obvious, but I can't figure it out. I have the speed of an electron, and to calculate its frequency i used p = h/λ, then subbed in p =mv and λ= v/f. Giving me the equation f = mv2/h. However, I also could use E = 1/2 mv2 and E = hf to give me the equation...

Homework Statement The total spin of an Mg atom is zero and remains zero after absorption or emission of a photon. To which states can one of the electrons in the outer shell get by absorption of a single photon: 4s, 5s, 3p, 4p, 3d, 4d?2. The attempt at a solution I am not sure which of the...

I've been given a question to find the magnetic flux density of the Earth if an electron is orbiting near to the surface. The answer to the question makes the magnetic force equal to the centripetal force and solves for B from there. However, I am confused to why the gravitational force has no...

I am wondering whether electrons have a net motion against an applied constant electric field in a conductor. Intuition tells me that "of course they should", but so far the math has shown me otherwise. Here are my current thoughts: 1) I cannot rely on the obsolute Drude's model. What's more...

Homework Statement If a system comprised only of two electrons was physically possible (such as positronium but with two electrons), what would its energy levels be and how would they relate to the energy levels of Helium? Homework Equations ##E_{Helium} = E_{n1}+E_{n2}=-\frac{\mu Z^2...

My question comes from the heels of frustrated google searching and a half arsed attempt to pursued the search function on these forums to find my answer. So my apologies if I havnt given diligence it’s due. My question is inspired by an episode of Space time, on PBS, regarding the one electron...

If each electron cloud repels other electrons and other atoms, then why can two or more atoms form molecules? Is it to do with negative and positive charges?

So some materials have sub-bands of the valence band, known as heavy and light holes (they have different curvature so different effective masses, this I understand). Sources seem to give different reasons for this, either because of anistropy in the crystal or some sort of coupling effect, but...

Ambient for lack of a better term... I'm reading "Beyond The Cosmic Landscape". Perhaps out of date, but a very understandable explanation of QED. Am I right to deduce that the air which surrounds us is jam-packed with electrons emitting photons? Thanks...

Homework Statement Suppose an object has a charge of 1 C and gains #9.38 ✕ 10^18# electrons. When another object is brought in contact with the first object (after it gains the electrons), the resulting charge on the the second object is 0.9 C. What was the initial charge (in Coulombs)...

Theory explains magnetism in iron as a combined effect of magnetic moments of electrons. Now, what is confusing me is that valence electrons in iron are supposed to be free. The valence band and conduction band overlap. So, what kind of orbital and spin-ular momentum do these free electrons...

Homework Statement Discuss the concept of the wave-particle duality for electrons and photons and include an equation which connects the wave like and particle like properties. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution So I am having trouble with how to word this question and generally...

What is the measuring device used to observe electrons while passing through the slits? Has it a name?

Homework Statement An oil droplet is suspended between two horizontal parallel plates with a separation of 0.4 cm. If the potential difference of 320V is applied to the plates, determine the number of electrons transferred to/from the droplet. Given/Known Values mdroplet = 5.2×10-6 kg d = 0.4...

Hello people, I have 3 questions related to the mean speed of electrons in a period potential /lattice. I've read Ashcroft and Mermin's page 139 as well as the Apendix E. From what I understood, if one applies the momentum operator on the wavefunction of a Bloch electron, one doesn't get a...

If electrons are waves, what causes them to change direction and move up and down?

Homework Statement a proton and an electron initially at rest ,combined to form a hydrogen atom in ground state.A single photon is emitted in this process.The wavelength of the emitted photon is Homework Equations E=hc/ λ The Attempt at a Solution e So I know when the system is formed the...

Homework Statement I am confused if whether the collisions in a conductor is because as the electric field pushes electrons through the material, they literally bump into the orbitals of the atoms because these atoms get in the way of the electron flow, or whether these collisions happen...

So I understand in a battery that an anode (such as zinc) and a cathode (such as carbon) are separated by an electrolyte. I also understand that the electrons want to flow into the cathode, but can't get to them, so as soon as a conductor connects the two terminals, current can flow. However...

So, I'm new to electronics and I started to build some circuits with LEDs. I read up on how LEDs work and how they consist of a doped semiconductor material etc. But when I actually went to wire the LED in, it said the anode should be connected to the positive terminal of the power source. I'm...

In an old fashioned electron microscope (the type I was meant to understand at university 50 years ago), are the electrons coherent, or do we just consider an electron interfering with itself? If they are coherent, how are they made coherent?

I have just seen a video about the most powerful microscope. The best image of that microscope represents a sheet of carbon atoms . Can we now see electrons in these atoms or we need a more powerful one? https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/can-see-atom/

Homework Statement If atoms are neutral, then how do they share electrons with each other? In the ionic bonding the metal requires very little energy do release its valence electrons, but once they are free, I don't see a force of attraction from the non metal nucleus because it is balanced...

So in my physics textbook a problem is stated. We are given an external electric field directed downwards of 150N/C. We are then told that an electron is released in the electric field and it moves upwards 520m. Finally we are asked to calculate the change in electric potential energy of the...

My textbook in elementary Q.M. stated that orbital electrons in an atom must have stationary state wavefunctions. Was this just a simplification, the truth being maybe that their wavefunctions can be nonstationary for a little while, but soon decay into stationary ones? I’ve seen an answer...

Homework Statement A current of 1600A exist in a rectangular (0.4 x 16 cm) bus bar. The electrons move at an average velocity of v. If the concentration of electrons is 1029 per cubic meter, and they are uniformly distributed, what is v? Knowns Current (i) = 1600A = 1600 x 1018 aA Charge per...

Hi So we are about to learn about the octet rule. However once you get to higher shells you can have more than eight in the "shells" or orbit? But i have not been able to find a good example of how that works or happens. Does it have a specific name? I assume we are talking about say several...

In school, I was taught that the position of an electron relative to the nucleus is only an approximation. It is very likely that the electron will be close to the nucleus and where it is 'expected' to be, but it may in fact be anywhere in the universe. Is this correct? And does this allow...

Dear all, sorry I made a new post similar to the previous post "Initial conditions..", however, a critical point was missed in the previous discussion: The initial conditions y(0)=1 and y'(0)=0 are fine and help in solving the Schrödinger equation, however, studying free electrons, the equation...

Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution [/B] Both electrons are in 1s orbit. For taking out the second electron, I will have to put slightly more energy than 24.6eV. So, the energy required to remove both electrons should be slightly more than 49.2 eV. So, I...

I have just read that Element 118, Og, has been discovered, which it would seem will allow for a nice, neat Periodic Table again, last seen when Lw (103) was added (although that should be in Group III, but whatever, it was a nice, neat table). It seems to me that once Element 121 gets...

We all think that electric current is the electrons flow without mass transfer in conductor, i.e. charged lepton flow. But charged baryons flow can also deemed as "electric" current, e.g. ionic current. My question is that charged baryons flow can induce magnetic field? Same amperes, then same B...

Homework Statement As we know in NH3, N full fills its octet with three single bonds with H and a lone pair of electrons and so H. So this molecule is stable. In BF3, F full fills their octets by three single bonds with B but B is unable to fulfill its octet. It got 6 electrons by three single...

Hi I'm recently reading something about the moller scattering in QED, and I'm feeling a bit curious about how plane waves change their spin orientations (e.g. up to down)(I mean in the scenario that one is up and one is down). In the text it seems that it's because the electrons are...

What physical attribute of the electron causes it to experience force in one direction and not the other when it moves in a magnetic field? As a crude analogy, when wind blows in the face of a windmill, we can intuitively see why it rotates clockwise or counterclockwise. It is because of the...

So I've read that electrons traveling inside a sheet of graphene are said to travel "masslessly". I'm interpreting this as meaning "zero apparent mass" and not zero actual mass. Presumably, the graphene doesn't somehow weigh less than the sum of its constituent electrons and nuclei. But given...

Homework Statement Hi! So I stumbled upon this simple "plug n' play" exercise in my Physics textbook. Basically it gives you certain molecules/atoms, and tells you to measure the Electric Charge, and its Mass. Pretty simple, but I hit upon some hickups. Anyway, let's get to it: Find the...

Can there be a stable nucleus where one has both electrons and antielectrons (either paired or unpaired) in the atomic orbitals? For example, in a ##\beta ^+## decay, could the antielectron released by captured by the atom and remain in orbit as an electron may?

Homework Statement Predict how many electrons will most likely be gained or lost by each element: In this case, Gallium Homework Equations None (that I know of) The Attempt at a Solution [/B] I know that Gallium is a metal, and metals tend to lose electrons to become cations, so I will...

In a diode, we have N side, P side, and a depletion region, made of positive and negative charged sides. N side and P side of the diodes are neutral charge. In N side there are free electrons. In the positive charged side of the depletion region, there are positively ionized atoms that "lack"...

Hi. First, let me introduce myself: I m from Brazil, I studied physics a few years ago and I ended up leaving the course, today I work with software development. I would like to know if you can help me to take a doubt: I came up with an idea that an electron could move so fast that it would...

I have a silly question. In a simple electrical circuit, we know that the two ends of the wire are connected to different potentials of a battery through the load. Potential difference causes the current flow. But how the wire comes to know that the other end of it, is connected to different...

Holes have an effective mass. How is the mass of holes measured physically?