Terms Definition and 1000 Threads

In cosmology the deceleration parameter defined as the $$q_0 = \frac{1}{2}\sum_i\Omega_{i,0}(1+3w_i)$$ Is there a similar expression for the jerk parameter (##j_0##) ?

I know how to expand it. My question is: the expansion has 8 terms so what would be the middle term? Will the answer be "the expansion has no middle term"? Or maybe seeing the phrase of the question (middle terms), there will be two answers (the 4th and 5th term)? Thanks

With free part L=-½(∂Φ)^2 -½m^2 Φ^2 and interaction term L=½gΦ^2Any help would be appreciated, thank you.

My first question is actually, what happens when any two objects get near each other? This question is often phrased as "Why can't you really touch anything?" or "Why can't you walk through walls?" I have heard two answers: 1. the repulsion between electrons 2. the Pauli exclusion principle...

(1) For ##x>a## ##f(x)=x^2+x-a+1 \rightarrow## minimum value obtained when ##x=-\frac{1}{2}## Minimum value of ##f(x)=\frac{3}{4} -a## (2) For ##x<a## ##f(x)=x^2-x+a+1 \rightarrow## minimum value obtained when ##x=\frac{1}{2}## Minimum value of ##f(x)=\frac{3}{4}+a## But the teacher said...

When conversing informally about QM, there is often wonder about the apparently acausal nature of processes that we may call "quantum leaps" between physical states. It is often said that the purely mathematical foundations of QM give no reason for such wonderment, i.e., that the math, in...

The object moves solely on the $x$-axis, hence I calculated its speed to be $v_x = \frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{c \kappa t}{\sqrt(1+\kappa ^{2} t^2$ Because its speed is not constant, I suppose the Lorentz factor $\gamma = \gamma (t)$, and by plugging in the velocity, I obtain $\gamma = \sqrt(1+ \kappa...

In Chapter 4, derivation 15 of Goldstein reads: "Show that the components of the angular velocity along the space set of axes are given in terms of the Euler angles by $$\omega_x = \dot{\theta} \cos \phi + \dot{\psi} \sin \theta \sin \phi, \omega_y = \dot{\theta} \sin \phi - \dot{\psi} \sin...

As the subject title states, I am wondering how would one go about transforming Cartesian coordinates in terms of spherical harmonics. To my understanding, cartesian coordinates can be transformed into spherical coordinates as shown below. $$x=\rho \sin \phi \cos \theta$$ $$y= \rho \sin \phi...

If the Summary is not clear, the following is an example translated from: https://telecombloger.ru/7335 '... air conditioning systems. For example, the efficiency of a compressor is about 85%. The remaining 15% is spent on friction, oil movement, overflows, heating, etc. The efficiency of the...

Can anyone please help me to write partial derivative of Vxx w.r.t. r in terms of Vxx as shown in the hand written box at the end.

Can someone explain a flop transition to me in laymen terms? And what consequences does it have on the universe? Thanks

From this, I find $$\bra{P'} \phi^4 \ket{P} = \int \frac {d^3 k_1 d^3 k_2 d^3 k_3 d^3 k_4} {16 \omega_{k_1}\omega_{k_2}\omega_{k_3}\omega_{k_4} (2\pi)^{12} }\bra{0} a_{P'}(a_{k_1} a_{k_2} a_{k_3}a_{k_4}e^{i(k_1+k_2+k_3+k_4)x}+...)a^{\dagger}_{P}\ket{0}$$ (a total of 16 different terms) Right...

My solution is making an analogy of the ##\text{Relevant equations}## as shown above, starting from the equation ##\vec \omega = \frac{1}{2} \vec \nabla \times \vec v##. We have ##\vec B = \vec \nabla \times \vec A = \frac{1}{2} \vec \nabla \times 2\vec A \Rightarrow 2\vec A = \vec B \times...

Is there a limit on the minimum diameter that a collimated electromagnetic beam must have (lasers or masers), in terms of its wavelength, or it is possible to create a beam with its diameter smaller than its wavelength? I'm considering a colimated planar wave directly from the source, and not...

If two coordinate systems are related by a rotation or a boost, does it make sense to say the tensors components are rotated or boosted with respect to their components in the original coordinates? For vectors, I think it is standard to say that, but what about general tensors?

I'm trying to solve a differential equation of the form $$\frac{A'(x)}{A(x)}f(x,y) = \frac{B'(y)}{B(y)}$$ where prime denotes differentiation. I know that for the case ##f(x,y) = \text{constant}## we just equal each side to a same constant. Can I do that also for the case where ##f(x,y)## is not...

One of the maths groups I'm apart of on Facebook posts (usually) daily maths challenges. Typically they act as small brain teaser for when I wake up and I can solve them without much trouble. However, today's was more challenging: (Note: blue indicates a variable and red indicates a constant)...

$$ \lim_{x \to 0} [ \frac{J_{p}(x)}{Y_{p}(x)} ] $$

Hi all, I'm trying to understand when surface terms go to zero. I'm not really getting a connection other than many textbooks just saying surface terms go to zero. I have added a photo of Liboff's Kinetic Theory page 3 on Lagrange's equations. Before equation 1.7, he says the surface terms go...

(I hope this is not a double posting) I want to solve this system of equations, containing logarithmic terms: ##7\ln(a/b)+A = 7\ln(d/e)+D = 7\ln(g/h)+G## ##7\ln(a/c)+B = 7\ln(d/f)+E = 7\ln(g/i)+H## ##7\ln(b/c)+C = 7\ln(e/f)+F = 7\ln(h/i)+I## ##a\phi_1+d\phi_2+g\phi_3=X##...

We have a retarded magnetic vector potential ##\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r},t) = \dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \int \dfrac{\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r}',t_r)}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|} \mathrm{d}^3 \mathbf{r}'## And its curl, ##\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \int \left[\frac{\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r}'...

In this example I am thoroughly confused on why Is is divided by sqrt(3). My understanding is that the transformer supplies 3 phase (which is always described in line to line or Y connected). So the current in the winding should be 120[KVA]/230[V] then multiplied by sqrt(3) to convert it to...

##\prod_{j \neq i}^{6} (\lambda_{i}-\lambda_{j})##

I tried finding a.a (four vector inner product) and I got to γ4{(v.a)2(1-γ4v.v - 2γ2) - a.a}, where again a and v are three vectors on the rhs (sorry to be confusing). a.a = g2 since it's a constant. I have no idea where to go from here to find the time and position. Please help!

I'm trying to evaluate the arc length between two points on a 2-sphere. The geodesic equation of a 2-sphere is: $$\cot(\theta)=\sqrt{\frac{1-K^2}{K^2}}\cdot \sin(\phi-\phi_{0})$$ According to this article:http://vixra.org/pdf/1404.0016v1.pdfthe arc length parameterization of the 2-sphere...

If ##N## is constant (per the partial derivatives definitions/ the subscripts after the derivatives) then ##G## is constant ##H - TS = constant## Taking the derivative of both sides with respect to ##T## while holding ##N,P## constant we get the following with the use of the product rule...

e.g Can we write it as $$f(a)+f(a+dx)+f(2a+dx)+f(3a+dx)+...f(b)=\int^b_a f(x)dx$$...(?) Although $$\int f(x)dx$$ given the area tracked by thr function with the x-axis between a and b Thanks.

Summary:: How can Schrodinger's Equation be written relative to vacuum permittivity I am wondering why a particular problem uses this equation: It is stated to be Schrodinger's equation. Where does the potential come in, as well as the e^2/r ? An explanation would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

If we want to expand a function ##f(x)## up to first order around ##x = 0## say, we usually write ##f(x) = f(0) + (df/dx)|_0 x + \mathcal O(x^2)##. But what if I want to expand ##f(x)## in the whole series, and showing only the first order term in x? What notation do you use for that? (Aside...

I'm currently looking at how fermion masses are produced via the Higgs mechanism in "An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory" by Peskin and Schroeder. It all makes a lot of sense and I've been fine with it so far, but I ended up getting stuck on something that's driving me nuts. I feel silly...

Hi, I have this mini-program and I am being lazy. Wherever I post this they make me go through a grinder reviewing basics . I just need a small hint. We are asking for the name of the user in "name =input()". I would like the line immediately after name 'x' is inputed to print 'Hi, x '. Instead...

I got another basic question: should the summation in einstein notation start from first occurance of index or in beginning of equation? For eampledoes this equation ##R_{\alpha \beta }={R^{\rho }}_{\alpha \rho \beta }=\partial _{\rho }{\Gamma ^{\rho }}_{\beta\alpha }-\partial _{\beta }{\Gamma...

Hello, I am having issues finding the dominant terms in the following expression: lim [(x^7)-9(e^x)] / [sqrt(10x-1)+8*ln(x)] x->infinity Prompt: Find the limit and the dominant term in the numerator and denominator.

In Lagrangians we often take derivatives (##\frac{\partial}{\partial (\partial_{\mu}\phi)}##) of terms like ##(\partial_{\nu}\phi \partial^{\nu}\phi)##. We lower the ##\partial^{\nu}## term with the metric and do the usual product rule. My question is why do we do this? Isn't...

Hi everyone, I’m a student in Ireland and I’m still in high school and the teachers were saying that its finally time for us to choose what paths we should take in terms of choosing subjects for our final high school years. Now my main question is that should I become an astrophysicist...

'Let’s first see what all of this means in the context of d = 3 + 1 dimensions. If we have rotational invariance then we can’t write down any terms linear in E or B. The first terms that we can write down are instead ...' Why is this? I don't understnad . My thoughts would be pictruing the set...

Hi All Given that the Riemann Curvature Tensor may be derived from the parallel Transport of a Vector around a closed loop, and if that vector is a covariant vector Having contravariant basis The calculation gives the result Now: Given that the Christoffel Symbols represent the...

I'm not sure if I'm doing this right as far as coming up with the equation they are asking for. I feel the question is poorly worded and the formatting makes their equation notation difficult to understand. Any insight would be very helpful. This is my work so far:

So I am trying to understand and solve the problem mentioned in the title.I found a solution online: https://physics.bgu.ac.il/COURSES/QuantumMechCohen/ExercisesPool/EXERCISES/ex_9011_sol_Y09.pdf The problem is, I can't understand this step : I relly can't find out how the two expontential...

Hi, could someone please explain where the tau and sigma terms come from in this expression: I see the kinetic energy and quadratic "mattress" potential terms, but the tau and sigma kinda come out of nowhere. Where are they from?

I am reading an interesting book by Julian Havil called:" Gamma-Exploring Euler's Constant." Much of the book is devoted to the harmonic series,a slowly diverging series that tends toward infinity.However,one paragraph puzzles me. On p. 23 he says: " In 1968 John W. Wrench Jr calculated the...

Hi. Is the binomial theorem ##(1+x)^n = 1+nx+(n(n-1)/2)x^2 + ….## valid for x replaced by an infinite series such as ##x+x^2+x^3+...## with every x in the formula replaced by the infinite series ? If so , does the modulus of the infinite series have to be less than one for the series to...

Summary: In terms of stress, strain & deformation, what is better for a given component. 1) low stress or high stress 2) less strain or large strain 3) less deformation or large deformation? Some dimensional changes were made in an existing component to study how these changes effect the...

I don't know how to show that this limit is zero. It seems that ##\sum_{i=1}^N a_{i,N} /N = 1## and the fact that ## 0 < a_{i,N} < M > 1## implies that some ##a_{i,N}## are less than one. Another conclusion I guess is correct to draw is that ##\lim_{N \to \infty} \sum_{i=1}^N a_{i,N}^2 /N < 1##.

I think a ray is electromagnetic, is mass-less, and could be described as a photon. A ray must travel at the same speed as "c" in the same medium. I think the term particle is used in atomic studies as a physical piece of matter, one that has mass and could hold a charge or be neutral. Being...

In order to calculate for the curl of the induced electric field for a loop moving in a uniform magnetic field, and using the cylindrical coordinate system for a curl, it's my understanding that since the B field is in the 𝑧̂ direction, then so is the partial time derivative of B, and therefore...

Tim Maudhin in his excellent book "Philosophy of Physics: Quantum Theory" suggests we must ban the terms "realist", "antirealist", do you agree? Quoting these critical passages in the Introduction part of his very thick book: If you don't believe him that "realism", "antirealism" are...

Hello! In several of the derivations I read so far in my QFT books (M. Schawarz, Peskin and Schroeder) they use the fact that "we can safely assume that the fields die off at ##x=\pm \infty##" in order to drop boundary terms. I am not sure I understand this statement in terms of QFT. A field in...

Reading the interesting book "Groups_and_Manifolds__Lectures_for_Physicists_with_Examples_in_Mathematica", in the introduction it is stated: (...) we have, within our contemporary physical paradigm, a rather simple and universal scheme of interpretation of the Fundamental Interactions and of...