# How to calculate airplane noise as a function of distance?

Summary:
How to calculate the reduction in airplane noise as a function of increased distance?
I live close to the (landing) flight path to a major airport. The city has been working with the airport and the FAA to deal with complaints about the noise the jets make as they come in for a landing. I recently attended a meeting where various solutions were discussed, such as changing the flight path or increasing the altitude over residential areas.

I got to wondering how much good that would actually do. I'd like to create a spreadsheet that will calculate the reduction in noise if the plane's altitude is increased from 4,000' to 6,000' or if its overhead path changes from 0.5 miles away from my home to 1.0 miles away.

My foggy memory from my physics classes many years ago tells me that sound decreases as the square of the distance. If the plane is twice as far away, the sound I will hear is 25% (75% less). But I checked a couple of websites and got confusing data. One comfirmed what I thought about the inverse square relationship. Another one said that the sound "pressure" has just an inverse relationship with distance (not the square). I could not figure out what they meant by "pressure".

Finally, one website about decibels said that they are logarithmic. Doubling the distance reduces the sound volume by 6 dB. How much of a reduction is decibels is significant or detectable? And what should the target decibel reading be?

So, how does the sound of an airplane overhead vary with distance? Or is it not that simple?

Thanks

sophiecentaur
Gold Member
2020 Award
Summary:: How to calculate the reduction in airplane noise as a function of increased distance?

Finally, one website about decibels said that they are logarithmic. Doubling the distance reduces the sound volume by 6 dB.
For a source that's isolated from any other object (i.e. sufficiently high up in the air), the received power will follow the Inverse Square Law. That means the power measured at 2km will be 1/4 the Power at 1km (all other things being equal ) The simplest way to think of the deciBel scale is that if two measured powers have a ratio of 2:1 then that's 3dB. The way logs work means that a ratio of 4:1 will be 6dB
Power Ratio (in dB) = 10 log (Power Ratio) and that works for all numbers you care to put in. dB are worth while getting familiar with because it avoids having loads of zeros in the numbers you want to quote. e.g. a power ratio of 1,000,000 becomes 60dB and a ratio of 0.000001 becomes -60dB
They often describe sound in terms of Sound Pressure Level (SPL) but, because the Power (intensity) is proportional to SPL2 so the ratio of SPLs becomes
Ratio in dB is 20log(ratio)
Both are equally valid but hopping from one to the other can give you a headache. You need to get familiar with that stuff because a factor of 2 in the 'dB you quote' can be very important (it's not just twice the loudness but twice the number of zeros!!!.
There's a lot of information available about the aircraft noise nuisance so, rather than doing your own sums, it's probably best to read a lot (info from both sides). Actual measurements of real cases are much more reliable than calculations because all things are often not equal.

sysprog, Tom.G, Baluncore and 1 other person
anorlunda
Staff Emeritus
Airplane noise is also directional. It is not equally loud in all directions.

sysprog, Wes Turner and sophiecentaur
sophiecentaur
Gold Member
2020 Award
Local residents near Heathrow are always moaning about takeoff noise. I remember a good few years ago, when planes were much noisier, that they used to takeoff very sharpish to gain height quickly and people (passengers) complained as their stomaches ended up in their mouths. You can't win.

sysprog and Wes Turner
For a source that's isolated from any other object (i.e. sufficiently high up in the air), the received power will follow the Inverse Square Law. . . .
Wow! Thanks for that excellent reply. Just what I was looking for.

Based on that, I came up with a little table showing how the sound is reduced as a funtion of the position of the plane. The blue cells are the initial conditions.

Column C is the Y1 values. C7 is Y0. Row 6 is the X1 values. D6 is X0. I chose 4,000' for Y0 because that's the altitude of the planes that pass over our neighborhood. D7 is 100% of whatever the noise is at (X0,Y0), which is at distance Z0 = SQRT(X0^2 + Y0^2).

I did this with percentages. I thought that would be more meaningful to the average user. I suppose I could convert it to dB provided that I had an initial dB value. If I understand dB, the reading in D15, where the sound is down to 25% of the original, would be down 6dB. Is that correct?

The position is determined by this diagram:

Here's the VBA code that does the calculations in Excel:
Code:
'================================================================
'                Noise Reduction

' Altitudes are in feet
' Distances are in miles
' This calculation is relative, not absolute,
'   so X0 cannot be set to zero.
'================================================================
Function Noise(pX0 As Double, pY0 As Double, pV0 As Double, _
pX1 As Double, pY1 As Double) As Double

Const FtPerMi As Double = 5280
Dim R As Double
Dim Z0 As Double, Z1 As Double

Z0 = Sqr((pX0 * FtPerMi) ^ 2 + pY0 ^ 2)
Z1 = Sqr((pX1 * FtPerMi) ^ 2 + pY1 ^ 2)

R = pV0 * (Z0 / Z1) ^

'Noise = Format(R, "0.00")
Noise = R

End Function

sysprog
Airplane noise is also directional. It is not equally loud in all directions.
OK, but if I am comparing the noise level at a fixed position for both the ear and the plane, moving the plane would not affect the calculations significnatly, no?

Local residents near Heathrow are always moaning about takeoff noise. I remember a good few years ago, when planes were much noisier, that they used to takeoff very sharpish to gain height quickly and people (passengers) complained as their stomaches ended up in their mouths. You can't win.
Same issues here. Personally, both I and my wife rarely hear the planes and we live near some of the most vocal complainers. I'm just doing this as an exercise in understanding.

anorlunda
Staff Emeritus
OK, but if I am comparing the noise level at a fixed position for both the ear and the plane, moving the plane would not affect the calculations significnatly, no?
No. At first the plane is coming toward you, then away from you. Probably louder when going away.

No. At first the plane is coming toward you, then away from you. Probably louder when going away.
You do know what "fixed position" means, right?

I understand that the sound level varies as the place passes by -- Doppler and all. But at some point in its travels, the sound for someone at a fixed position on the ground is the loudest. That's the only point that matters so that's the point that the calculations are about.

Baluncore
That's the only point that matters so that's the point that the calculations are about.
Most of the noise from an airplane is radiated behind it, from the jet engine exhausts.

The change in orientation of the aircraft relative to the observer is often more important than the inverse square law.

When an aircraft is approaching you, it sounds quieter than when it is flying away from you.
I expect orientation will make a difference of about 10 dB.
You need to investigate the aircraft noise specifications, and include that in your model.

sysprog, sophiecentaur and Wes Turner
Most of the noise from an airplane is radiated behind it, from the jet engine exhausts.

The change in orientation of the aircraft relative to the observer is often more important than the inverse square law.

When an aircraft is approaching you, it sounds quieter than when it is flying away from you.
I expect orientation will make a difference of about 10 dB.
You need to investigate the aircraft noise specifications, and include that in your model.
OK. I hear you. And I hear the ariplane noise getting louder as it approaches and immediately after it passes overhead. A 10 dB difference from 10° behind to 10° may be reasonable, although isn't 10 dB about a 90% reduction?

But all that will remain more or less the same. The planes will still come from the south and pass over our neighborhood going north. They will just be a little higher and/or a little to the left or right. It seems to me that the inverse square law based just on the distance is a reasonable indication of the actual noise.

Do you disagree?

Baluncore
Do you disagree?
You are right, but only to the first approximation.

Keith_McClary
Gold Member
Most of the noise from an airplane is radiated behind it, from the jet engine exhausts.
There was a sports field at the end of a takeoff runway (cheap real estate?). The home team advantage was that visitors could not communicate when planes were taking off. The home team had some workaround.

sophiecentaur
Gold Member
2020 Award
I suppose I could convert it to dB provided that I had an initial dB value.
The value at the top right (overhead at 4k) value of 100% would be 0dB and all the other values would be negative dB 'cos they're less than 100%.

If I understand dB, the reading in D15, where the sound is down to 25% of the original, would be down 6dB. Is that correct?
Yes - 25% is 0.25. I sympathise if you need to talk to non-technical neighbours.
although isn't 10 dB about a 90% reduction?
Yes - or, better still, a ratio of 0.1. In the case of noise nuisances like this it's fair enough to use percentages but for levels and not for 'reductions'. However, your second quote demonstrates where percentages can be seriously mis-used and mis-understood. People will not / cannot always do the calculation.

Percentages are fine, when used in the context of small price reductions (and small changes in general) but it's possible to look at that "90%" you quote and mis read it as 'down to 90%'. Also, what would 'reduced by 99.9% mean (=reduced TO 0.1%) or 'reduced by 99.95%? Not a problem when we are all in the know about what you mean but it can be used (sometimes deliberately) to mis-lead a reader. Your table is fine and shows the pattern. It shows that height is very relevant near the airport. One small niggle would be that the Table is missing a proper title to say what the sound level value units are (Power or Sound pressure). The values could be very different if your calculation was one way or the other so you should state what they actually are.

I have a similar problem with expressions like 'ten times less'. We all learned fractions in school so why not 'one tenth' - or would '1/12.5' be replaced by 'twelve and a half times less??????. Just an old gimmer's whinge - but relevant imo. The OP has avoided this problem.

sysprog and Wes Turner
The value at the top right (overhead at 4k) value of 100% would be 0dB and all the other values would be negative dB 'cos they're less than 100%.
I do not understand this. The 100% value in cell D7 is intended to indicate 100% of whatever the noise level is at those coordinates, in this case, 4,000' overhead and 0.0 miles to the left or right. The rest of the percentages are to indicate what the noise level would be relative to those initial conditions.

I replicated the table to do dB calculations. These are the estimated dB readings that correspond to the % readings:

Compare that to these % readings.

And these are the predicted dB readings for an initial reading of 80 dB.

It looks like it is easier to get a meaningful reduction by moving the flight path left or right than by raising the elevation. In many cases, that just means moving the noise to a different neigborhood. In our case, there is water about 1-2 miles away that leads right up to the runways.

sysprog
sysprog and berkeman
sophiecentaur
Gold Member
2020 Award
I do not understand this. The 100% value in cell D7 is intended to indicate 100% of whatever the noise level is at those coordinates, in this case, 4,000' overhead and 0.0 miles to the left or right.
I obviously didn't make it clear enough; sorry.

100% is 1.000. Log(1) is zero so 0dB top left. You need too express / convert the percentages as decimals and then do 10log(the decimal value). The dB scale is a scale of Ratios and nothing on your (decimal) table is greater than 1. The dBs will then go from small negative values at the top left region and be more and more negative as you move right and down. (logs of numbers less than one are negative - stick with this, you'll get it.)

sysprog and Wes Turner
I obviously didn't make it clear enough; sorry.

100% is 1.000. Log(1) is zero so 0dB top left. You need too express / convert the percentages as decimals and then do 10log(the decimal value). The dB scale is a scale of Ratios and nothing on your (decimal) table is greater than 1. The dBs will then go from small negative values at the top left region and be more and more negative as you move right and down. (logs of numbers less than one are negative - stick with this, you'll get it.)
I think we are talking past each other. My % table is intended to show the relative sound levels for various increases in distance. I am not taking the log of anything in that table. It's just a simple inverse square relationship. Yes, 100% is 1.000, but it's what it is 100% of that matters. It's not the 100% itself.

That equation is:

where D1 & D2 are the line of sight distances from the ear to the planes.

In the dB table, I start with any dB level at D1 and calculate the decibel level at D2. That equation is:

Let me know if I made any errors. (I just fixed a typo.)

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sysprog
berkeman
Mentor
In the dB table, I start with any dB level at D1 and calculate the decibel level at D2
Then either start with a realistic dB level or start with a reference level of 0dB. Starting with a 100dB level for a plane 4000 feet overhead makes no sense to me. Do you know how loud that is?

sysprog, Wes Turner and sophiecentaur
sophiecentaur
Gold Member
2020 Award
And these are the predicted dB readings for an initial reading of 80 dB.
The dB figures you get for 6000' and 1 mile are 6dB less than the starting values in your tables so the basic calculations are correct, OK? If you actually knew all the characteristics of a particular plane then you could perhaps calculate 'real values' for that table but you'd need to do some actual measurements at various places (hot air balloon?) to calibrate the table.

Starting with the 100dB or 80dB figure is, as @berkeman implies, arbitrary because both those numbers are arbitrary. The thing about deciBels (and, indeed Bels) is that they are Relative numbers. One aeroplane will have a different actual noise level from another when it's at 4k and zero distance. The sort of table you are drawing up is basically intended to show how any plane's noise level will vary, relative to the 'starting point'. So the conventional (and most helpful) thing is to start with a common value of 0dB and the only reason for doing otherwise would be if you actually knew the actual noise values, in which case the dB would be relative to the 'accepted' threshold of hearing level. That's the basis of the dB in acoustics. For electrical signals, the absolute level will often be written relative to a Watt (dBW) or milliwatt (dBmW) or even microWatt (dBμ) but I guess the Sound Engineers got there first and bagged the 'absolute dB'.

sysprog and Wes Turner
Then either start with a realistic dB level or start with a reference level of 0dB. Starting with a 100dB level for a plane 4000 feet overhead makes no sense to me. Do you know how loud that is?
You make a good point. Here's the table starting at 0 dB:

That does make it easy to see the reduction.

I chose 100dB just as an example as it made it each for me to confirm the calculations.

I attended a meeting recently where some people were claiming noises close to 100dB at their homes. The airport authorities and the city reps did acknowledge readings as high as 80dB at some of their listening posts, one of which is just a couple of blocks from my home. I have never (or rarely) heard anything that loud. The music from the amphitheater 4 miles away and the stupid kids and their fireworks are much louder.

Anyway, thanks for the suggestion.

berkeman and sysprog
The dB figures you get for 6000' and 1 mile are 6dB less than the starting values in your tables so the basic calculations are correct, OK?
Good to have that confirmed!

Starting with the 100dB or 80dB figure is, as @berkeman implies, arbitrary because both those numbers are arbitrary.
Yes, for 100dB, but not for 80dB as that was quoted in the city meeting. And I plan to convert this Excel sheet to a Google sheet so anyone can plug in whatever starting value they like.

The sort of table you are drawing up is basically intended to show how any plane's noise level will vary, relative to the 'starting point'.
Exactly.

So the conventional (and most helpful) thing is to start with a common value of 0dB and the only reason for doing otherwise would be if you actually knew the actual noise values, in which case the dB would be relative to the 'accepted' threshold of hearing level. That's the basis of the dB in acoustics.
Agreed. I appreciate the 0dB starting point suggestion. But I do have some actual (claimed) starting points as the city has placed listening posts at several places that have recorded the noise levels. If we then know the target noise level, say 40-60dB, the table will give some idea of how much corrective action will be required.

Again, thanks very much for the help.

sophiecentaur
Gold Member
2020 Award
100dB for a plane at 4K sounds unlikely to me. Look up typical sound levels in dB. Don’t rely on what people are claiming.

sophiecentaur
Gold Member
2020 Award
100dB for a plane at 4K sounds unlikely to me
Something that has bugged me for ages is the quoted "100 to 120 dB level for a jet engine sound. I have tried moderately hard to find where the measurement was actually made but can't find it. OTOH, I have read a chain saw noise quoted at a specific distance of 1m. I suspect that the sound level right behind a jet engine could be a tad more than 120dB.

I am not at all impressed that acousticians (who are the sound equivalent of RF transmission experts) are so wooly with their figures. Something that seems to be ignored in discussing sound levels is the fact that, in the presence of the ground, the same amount of sound power is restricted to just a hemisphere so you could have an instant increase of 3dB (6dB at times). Other surrounding objects can easily account for another 3 or more dB. The same will apply to the perception of sound for the air, where the local ground environment can account for similar effects. Do the effects cancel?

Sound nuisance is a very political issue so it may not be in the interests of either individuals or the authorities to have this all nailed down tightly. That would leave nothing to haggle over!!

sysprog