Is radiation pressure a thing?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the concept of radiation pressure, particularly its implications for propulsion and the mechanics of light. Participants explore various aspects of how light can transfer momentum and the potential applications of this phenomenon, including theoretical propulsion engines and practical examples like solar sails and radiometers.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested
  • Mathematical reasoning

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants propose that light beams can indeed transfer momentum, suggesting that this could be harnessed for propulsion, although they acknowledge the inefficiency of such methods.
  • Others clarify that while radiation pressure exists, it does not explain the operation of a Crookes radiometer, indicating a distinction between different phenomena related to light and momentum.
  • One participant mentions that a flashlight emits a backward force when turned on, but the effect is typically negligible due to the low mass of the emitted light.
  • There are discussions about using ground-based or space-based lasers to propel vehicles without carrying fuel, which some participants find intriguing.
  • Some participants highlight the classical electromagnetic wave theory as a valid explanation for light pressure, alongside the photon perspective, suggesting a dual understanding of the phenomenon.
  • A later reply introduces the concept of optical trapping and torque application using polarized light, expanding the discussion to include advanced applications of radiation pressure.
  • One participant brings up the use of radiation pressure in thermonuclear weapons as a powerful demonstration of its effects, although this is presented with a moral caveat regarding the nature of such technology.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express a mix of agreement and disagreement regarding the implications and explanations of radiation pressure. While there is acknowledgment of its existence, the specific mechanisms and applications remain contested, with differing views on how it operates in various contexts.

Contextual Notes

Some discussions hinge on the definitions of radiation pressure and its effects, with participants noting that assumptions about the mechanics of light and momentum transfer may vary. The conversation also reflects a lack of consensus on the relationship between different models (photon vs. wave) in explaining radiation pressure.

24forChromium
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I have seen the radiometer (mill in a bulb with differently coloured leaves) explained by thermodynamics, but also this:


where little particles are propelled by laser beam.

So, does light beam actually transfer or cause momentum in some way? If it does, is there any chance to make a propulsion engine with this? I would like to know more about it, explained in terms of simple-ish mechanics or photons' behaviours.
 
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24forChromium said:
I have seen the radiometer (mill in a bulb with differently coloured leaves) explained by thermodynamics, but also this:


where little particles are propelled by laser beam.

So, does light beam actually transfer or cause momentum in some way?


Yes.
One has to account for solar radiation pressure for exact calculations of (Earth) satellite orbits.
Google "solar sail".
 
24forChromium said:
I have seen the radiometer (mill in a bulb with differently coloured leaves) explained by thermodynamics, but also this:


where little particles are propelled by laser beam.

So, does light beam actually transfer or cause momentum in some way?

tfr000 said:
Yes.
One has to account for solar radiation pressure for exact calculations of (Earth) satellite orbits.
Google "solar sail".
Momentum is conserved, right? That means if I shoot a beam of light in one direction, I should receive an impulse in the other direction, and no matter whether or not the beam of light lands on something. Would that be how radiation pressure can be used for a (very ineffective) kind of propulsion?
 
24forChromium said:
Momentum is conserved, right? That means if I shoot a beam of light in one direction, I should receive an impulse in the other direction, and no matter whether or not the beam of light lands on something. Would that be how radiation pressure can be used for a (very ineffective) kind of propulsion?
Ya know, I've never thought about it before... light for propulsion is always presented as an outside source fired at the craft.
 
Two ideas are getting confused here. There is such a thing as radiation pressure, but it's not what turns a Crookes radiometer. (Look and see which direction it turns)
 
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Vanadium 50 said:
Two ideas are getting confused here. There is such a thing as radiation pressure, but it's not what turns a Crookes radiometer. (Look and see which direction it turns)
I never said it does.
I am asking if a flashlight is getting pushed backward when it's on.
 
24forChromium said:
I am asking if a flashlight is getting pushed backward when it's on.

It is. Calculating the magnitude of that reaction force is a good exercise that will go a long ways towards explaining why we don't notice this effect with flashlights. On the other hand, if something with very low mass emits sufficiently energetic electromagnetic quickly enough (for example, an atomic nucleus emitting gamma radiation) there will be a measurable recoil.
 
24forChromium said:
Momentum is conserved, right? That means if I shoot a beam of light in one direction, I should receive an impulse in the other direction, and no matter whether or not the beam of light lands on something. Would that be how radiation pressure can be used for a (very ineffective) kind of propulsion?

That's correct.

tfr000 said:
Ya know, I've never thought about it before... light for propulsion is always presented as an outside source fired at the craft.

I think it's an issue of fuel. Using a ground-based or space-based laser and a vehicle-based reflector, you can get a identical effect without having to use any power on the vehicle, which means you save tons of weight since you don't have to lug around as much fuel.
 
  • #10
24forChromium said:
<snip>So, does light beam actually transfer or cause momentum in some way? <snip>

Two more applications- optical trapping, and applying torque using polarized light on birefringent materials.

This is, AFAIK, the earliest demonstration:

http://journals.aps.org/pri/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.13.307

(I don't count Kepler's hypothesis to explain comet tails as a demonstration)
 
  • #11
lightarrow said:
The choice to post those links might suggest that light pressure can only be explained in terms of photons. In fact, classical em (wave) theory predicts precisely the same force for a given intensity of incident em waves. The only reference I can give is my old degree course book by Panovski and Philips but afaik, it is standard degree level EM theory.
 
  • #12
sophiecentaur said:
The choice to post those links might suggest that light pressure can only be explained in terms of photons. In fact, classical em (wave) theory predicts precisely the same force for a given intensity of incident em waves. The only reference I can give is my old degree course book by Panovski and Philips but afaik, it is standard degree level EM theory.
That light as electromagnetic wave has momentum has already been said in this thread by several poster and can be seen from the flux of Poyinting vector, force on a charge, etc. Actually I was looking for "laser" or similar "light" engine but I didn't find any, so I posted that, even because it was one of the OP choices: "I would like to know more about it, explained in terms of simple-ish mechanics or photons' behaviours."
I can only add a link to solar sails even if it's not exactly what I was looking for:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_sail

P.S. it's "Panofsky and Phillips", my friend! :smile:

--
lightarrow
 
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  • #13
lightarrow said:
P.S. it's "Panofsky and Phillips", my friend!
Haha. My memory was working phonetically. The book is still in a box, after we moved house.

I must avoid posting after 'reading' threads on my phone. It gives me tunnel vision.
I guess that the 'mechanical' view of the phenomenon, involving particles is the more intuitive. One of the (not too frequent) times that photons actually seem really to help the understanding of an em phenomenon.
 
  • #14
I suppose that any discussion concerning the reality of radiation pressure wouldn’t really be complete without any mention of the most depressingly vivid demonstration of its power: it’s how the H-bomb works.

In a thermonuclear weapon, thermal radiation emitted by the walls of a container heated to millions of degrees is used to compress and heat a mixture of hydrogen isotopes until they undergo nuclear fusion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_implosion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon

The H-bomb is a horrible contraption, but you have to marvel at the ingenuity of its design.
 

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