The discussion emphasizes the need for a modified conservation of momentum equation in the context of Newton's cradle, highlighting that the momentum of the first ball post-collision should be included in calculations. It suggests deriving the momentum after the collision algebraically to clarify the velocities of both balls involved. Additionally, the conservation of energy equation should be written out to create a system of equations with two unknowns. There is a query regarding the assertion that the height of the second ball is less than the initial height, prompting further clarification. Lastly, converting values to SI units is recommended for accurate numerical analysis, as the potential energy example provided is incorrect.