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mynoduesp
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just started thermodynamics(12th grade) and need this concept clear
mynoduesp said:just started thermodynamics(12th grade) and need this concept clear
Fredrik said:Temperature is the quantity that tells you which way energy will flow when two systems are put into contact with each other. (Energy flows from the system with the higher temperature to the system with the lower temperature).
Let Ω be the number of accessible states. (This is the number of states that the system can change into from its current state). The entropy of the system is defined as the logarithm of the number of accessible states, times a constant: S=kB log Ω. The reason for the logarithm in the definition is that if system 1 has Ω1 accessible states and system 2 has Ω2 accessible states, the combined system has Ω1Ω2 accessible states, so the entropy of the combined system is
[tex]S_{\text{tot}}=k_B\log(\Omega_1\Omega_2) =k_B\log\Omega_1+k_B\log\Omega_2=S_1+S_2[/tex]
The logarithm is what makes entropy an additive quantity. The constant (which is called Boltzmann's constant) is irrelevant to what I'm saying in this post.
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Note that a system must have time to settle to an equilibrium state before the temperature is well-defined. When two systems with different temperatures are put into contact, the temperature of the combined system isn't well-defined until energy has stopped flowing from one the systems to the other.
Fredrik said:I forgot about how easy it is to motivate this definition...
Consider two systems that are put in thermal contact with each other. If we keep them isolated from other systems, the total energy is [itex]E=E_1+E_2[/itex] and the total entropy is [itex]S(E)=S(E_1)+S(E_2)[/itex]. Energy will flow from one system to the other if that increases the total entropy of the combined system. Let's say that the total entropy increases when energy flows from system 1 to system 2. That means that
[tex]0<\frac{d}{dE_2}(S_1(E-E_2)+S_2(E_2))=-S_1'(E_1)+S_2'(E_2)[/tex]
[tex]\frac{1}{S_1'(E_1)}>\frac{1}{S_2'(E_2)}[/tex]
This shows that the energy flows from the system with the higher value of [itex]1/S_i'(E_i)[/itex] to the one with the lower value. We therefore define the temperature at energy E of a system with entropy S(E) as
[tex]T(E)=\frac{1}{S'(E)}[/tex]
Hobold said:Temperature is, actually, a very complex definition and I think you would need more than 12th grade physics to understand. Basically you can think of temperature as the degree of agitation of molecules that compose a certain substance. The higher the degree of agitation is, higher is temperature, because molecules will collide more energetically and will also have higher kinetic energy.
Though this definition is very informal, it will take time to understand a better concept. If you have had some thermodynamics in the past, you can also think of temperature as the coefficient that correlates two different systems in thermal equilibrium by an isothermal curve.
cjl said:One relatively straightforward definition is that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy per particle of a substance.
cjl said:One relatively straightforward definition is that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy per particle of a substance.
Basically you can think of temperature as the degree of agitation of molecules that compose a certain substance. The higher the degree of agitation is, higher is temperature, because molecules will collide more energetically and will also have higher kinetic energy.
prajor said:Both these "definitions" are counter intuitive. Obviously the KE of liquids is more than that of solids, at the SAME temperature. How can this be explained ?
prajor said:Both these "definitions" are counter intuitive. Obviously the KE of liquids is more than that of solids, at the SAME temperature. How can this be explained ?
Temperature is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. The translational kinetic energy refers to the motion of the centres of mass of the molecules of a substance. It is the motion of the centres of mass of the molecules that allows molecular kinetic energy to be transferred from one molecule to another, which, macroscopically is heat flow.timthereaper said:I would agree with cjl on this. Temperature can be described as the average kinetic energy per particle of a substance and since you are starting thermodynamics, this is a good definition to start with. As you progress more into thermodynamics, your definition will expand and you'll understand more about why your question isn't the easiest to completely explain.
Only reasoning that I used was since "Temperature is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. " , we have more translation in liquid than solid. Hence it is counter-intuitive. I know there is something more to it than that... :)ZapperZ said:Er.. how do you know this? It is not "obvious" to me.
Zz.
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of heat, energy, and their relation to work. It explains how thermal energy is converted into other forms of energy and vice versa.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It determines the direction of heat flow and the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another, while temperature is a measure of the amount of energy in an object. In other words, heat is the process of energy transfer, while temperature is a measurement of the amount of energy present.
The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. The second law states that the total entropy of a closed system will always increase over time. The third law states that as temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a pure, perfect crystal will approach zero.
Thermodynamics has many real-world applications, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, engines and turbines, and even cooking. It is also used in the design of buildings and insulation materials to regulate temperature and energy usage. Understanding thermodynamics can also help in making more efficient and sustainable energy choices.