What is State: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State (formally part of the state) to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Nicknamed the "Sunshine State", Ondo State is the 18th largest state in the country. The state is predominantly Yoruba, and the Yoruba language is commonly spoken. The state economy is dominated by the petroleum industry, with cocoa production, asphalt mining, and activities utilizing the state's extensive coastline also serving as major economic factors.

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  1. A

    Probability of finding particle in shifted ground state

    Homework Statement At t<0 a particle is in the ground state of the potential V(x)= \frac{1}{2} mw^2x^2 . At t=0 the potential is suddenly displaced by an amount x0 to V(x)= \frac{1}{2} mw^2(x-x_0)^2 . a) What is the probability of the particle being in the ground state; the first excited...
  2. gfd43tg

    Cooling of sphere with pseudo steady state condition

    Homework Statement A hot solid sphere of initial radius ##a## with a uniform initial temperature ##T_{0}## is allowed to cool under stagnant air at ambient temperature, ##T_{\infty}## . Assume the temperature within the sphere is uniform throughout the cooling process. Show that under...
  3. R

    Entropy of the initital state of the universe

    I saw an old interview with Roger Penrose where at one point he was talking about the degree of organization the universe exhibited at it's initial state. He said the second law of thermodynamics tells us as time passes the universe is becoming more disorderly, which means if we were to go back...
  4. C

    Checking if state is an eigenstate

    Homework Statement For the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator H_{xyz} = \frac{p_x^2}{2m}+\frac{p_y^2}{2m}+\frac{p_z^2}{2m}+\frac{1}{2}m \omega^2 x^2 + \frac{1}{2}m\omega^2 z^2 + \frac{1}{2}m\omega^2 z^2 Consider: | \alpha_1 > = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (|n_x = 0, n_y = 0, n_z = 0> + |n_x = 0...
  5. N

    The State of Energy to Matter Experimentation

    I have been researching energy to matter conversion experiments, and the only information that i have been able to find of a successful experiment is from 1997, when the University of Rochester was able to make a terawatt glass laser send photons into a stream of energized electrons from the...
  6. B

    Asking for assignement in solid state physics

    Hi, I would need a huge amount of assignments in solid state physics with solutions. I found assignement from other universities. Any book reference? Thank you
  7. G

    Extracting ground state in path integral

    Suppose you have the transition amplitude in the presence of a source <q''t''|q't'>_{f} To extract the ground state, we change the Hamiltonian to H-i\epsilon , because we can write: $$|q't'>=e^{iHt'} |n><n|q> \rightarrow e^{iE_0t'} |0><0|q>=<0|q>e^{iHt'} |0>=<0|q> |0 t'> $$ where only...
  8. C

    Write a state that will compute f=x/y^2 in maple

    Homework Statement Using maple cw version, trying to write a state that will compute f=x/y^2 over several iterations. y^2 is changing but x is dependent on a value input my user. I don't really know how to write the loop? I need the loop to run on an interval of different y values that I can...
  9. Ibrahim Hany

    .Calculating Statistical Weights of Cl2 State Changes

    Hi, I need to calculate the ratio of statistical weights of the final state to the initial state of Cl2 Is there any formulas or tabulated data? Thank you in advance
  10. J

    Convective heat transfer and steady state conduction problem

    Hi all, I have a unique problem that I need help with A company's curing oven's exposed surface temperature is measured at 80°c when the surrounding air is 23°c. You think it should be insulated and wager to pay for the cost of this yourself if you can keep the savings incurred. Is this a smart...
  11. ZetaOfThree

    Solid State Physics problem book?

    What are some recommended resources with good problems (and preferably solutions as well) on Solid State Physics at the level of Kittel? I'm aware of Yung-Kuo Lim's "Problems and Solutions on Solid State Physics, Relativity and Miscellaneous Topics" which has graduate qualifying exam questions...
  12. G

    Engineering Analyzing DC Steady State in an RLC Circuit with a Closed and Opened Switch

    Homework Statement In the Figure Q1 (c), the switch S was closed for very long time before it is opened at time t = 0. Find the value of vC(t) and iL(t) at t = 0+ c L i.e. immediately after the switch was opened. Homework Equations V = IR The Attempt at a Solution From DC steady state, we...
  13. phoenixXL

    Aqueous Tension(Gaseous State)

    Question In a container of capacity 1-Litre, air and some liquid water is present in equilibrium at total pressure of 200 mm of Hg. This container is connected to another 1-Litre evacuated container. Find total pressure inside the container when equilibrium is again stabilized. Aqueous Tension...
  14. S

    What is the energy of the following state (quantum square)?

    Homework Statement [/B] What is the energy of an STM tunneling electron in the following state? This "quantum square" model can be seen as a "particle in a 2-D box" problem. <Refer to the picture below> The protrusions are Fe atoms and the surface is Cu(111). Given that the radius of an Fe atom...
  15. Z

    Transfer function of the state space model

    I have a state space model along with an observer and state feedback. I need to find the transfer function connecting the r (reference) to the y (output) I have this model on simulink. I know the A,B,C,D matrices. So, I can get the TF for the stateSpace with ss2tf function of matlab...
  16. P

    Solid State Theory Walter A. Harrison Solutions?

    Hi I was recently picked up solid state theory by Walter A. Harrison. I was wondering if anyone happened to have a solution set to this book as the publisher site does not have one up. Harrison has solution sets for other books up on the publisher's site so I feel like this one should be out...
  17. M

    Forming an Excimer - Explaining the Process for Xenon

    Hello, first post! Can anyone explain to me how an excimer is formed? Considering Xenon. I've gathered that an excited state Xe*, ground state Xe, and a 3rd body M react resulting in an Xe* excimer + M(carrying away excess energy). I'm struggling to find how the ground state Xe can have any...
  18. L

    Polarization state conventions

    Ok, so I keep reading about these concepts and every source says something different. Even within the same textbook, it says conflicting things. So you have a circularly polarized light that is coming TOWARDS you. That is considered left-circularly polarized or right-circularly polarized? I've...
  19. P

    State Space: time dependent states but time-independent output

    Let: $$x_1=A\sin{\omega t}$$ $$x_2=\dot{x}_1=A\omega \cos{\omega t}$$ $$y=A\omega$$ We want to represent this system in a state space model. The state transition matrix read: $$A=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 &\\ -\omega^2 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ I am not sure what the output matrix will be like. Can we...
  20. N

    Finding a State-Space Representation for Helicopter Pitch Angle Control

    I need help finding a state-space representation for the given system and locally linearizing it... Objective is to control the pitch angle theta, as an output, of the helicopter by regulating the rotor angle u, as an input. This is what I've done, but apparently it isn't correct, and I...
  21. J

    Most probable electron location in Hydrogen ground state

    From the ground state wave equation the most probable outcome of anyone measurement will be in the center of the atom, at the nucleus. The expectation value is found to be the Bohr radius. So does this mean that if you measure the position of an electron in a hydrogen atom in the ground state...
  22. Z

    How to Convert Mechanical System Equations to State Space Form?

    JL*QL'' + BL*QL' + k(QL - Qm) = 0 Jm*Qm'' + Bm*Qm' - k(QL - Qm) = u This is the equation set I have for a motor with a load. QL'' means second derivative and QL' means first derivative. I need to be able to obtain the state space representation of this model where X = [QL;QL';Qm;Qm'] (This is...
  23. Chestermiller

    News How Has the Rivalry Between Michigan and Michigan State Evolved Over the Years?

    History lesson from BIG BROTHER to little brother: What goes around comes around. :mad: MICHIGAN: GO BLUE Chet
  24. G

    Energy Resolution of a solid state X-Ray detector

    Homework Statement Hi all, I have been given the task of quantifying the energy resolution of a p-i-n semi-conductor x-ray detector and present it as a value in electron volts Homework Equations %Resolution=E FWHM / Ei Where E FWHM is the full width half maximum of a peak and Ei is the...
  25. Z

    Can You Implement Full State Feedback Without Direct State Observations?

    Below wikipedia page summarizes the full state feedback. Everything is clear but to be able to implement this controller I need to know my states. But What I know is just the A, B and C matrices. So, to be able to simulate this technique on simulink I need to observe the state, I think. Is this...
  26. M

    Conceptual Heat X-fer Question (Steady state, liquid changing temp as it flows)

    Homework Statement Not hw.. My teacher wants us to understand this as it is important for reactor design. A liquid is flowing through a tube of diameter D. The inner wall of the tube is maintained at a constant temperature of Ts. The liquid enters at a temperature of Tw1and leaves at a...
  27. B

    Analytical solution for bound state energies of infinite well

    Hi there I am trying to find bound state energies assuming infinite potential. I have been told it can be done by analytically solving Right Hand Side and Left Hand Side of an equation such as: E^1/2 tan(2ma^2E/4hbar)^1/2 = (V0-E)^1/2 If solved properly, it should give one curve (RHS), crossed...
  28. E

    MHB State the range of the reciprocal function?

    State the range of the reciprocal function of f(x) = - (x+3)^2 - 1. I'm not sure if I did this right. I wrote that y is above/equal to -1 and below/equal to 0. Is this correct? Also, how would you graph the reciprocal function of f(x) if there is no VA and only a HA?
  29. skate_nerd

    MHB Does this problem warrant a taylor expansion? (solid state physics)

    The whole problem I'm doing here is not even really relevant, so I won't go too much into it...I'm told to find an atomic form factor given some certain conditions, and I do a big gross integral and got this: $$f=(\frac{4}{4+(a_oG)^2})^2$$ where \(a_o\) is the Bohr radius and \(G\) is the...
  30. L

    Stable equilibrium state question

    If a system is in a stable equilibrium state,its energy is maximum for fixed value of entropy ,the parameters and the amounts of constituents.Im wondering why this is true?Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution
  31. R

    Determine the state |n> given results and probabilities [QM]

    Homework Statement In a spin-\frac{1}{2} system all particles are in the state |\psi\rangle. 3 experiments performed and are separate, the results are as follows: Particle in state |\psi\rangle, measured S_z = \frac{\hbar}{2}, with P=1/4 Particle in state |\psi\rangle, measured S_x =...
  32. Erland

    Does the wave function really collapse into a state?

    Take the famous double slit (thought) experiment. The wave function for the photon is a superposition of two orthogonal states, one for each slit passage. But it is claimed to collapse into one of these two states when the photon hits the screen beyond, and then continue in this one state. But...
  33. J

    What state is Iron most magnetic?

    Hi guys, I'm designing and making a hydro powered generator for my college engineering project and I want to know what type of Iron e.g. Cast Iron or Wrought Iron has the highest magnetic field strength.
  34. SalfordPhysics

    Quantum State diagram for system of particles

    Question: "Write the quantum state for the following system of particles distributed over evenly spaced energy levels" The diagram (couldn't upload so hope its not too rough): 5 ---------------------- 4 ---------------------- 3 --------------X------- 2 ------X---X------X---- 1...
  35. K

    Help to understand the state notation

    Hi there, I am reading an article about the evolution of states. It is said that the system is initially in state |\Psi\rangle= a|a\rangle + b|b\rangle but after evolution, it becomes |\Psi'\rangle = a|a\rangle|c\rangle + b|b\rangle|d\rangle what is that (double ket) notation...
  36. C

    Ohio State vs. WUSTL vs. Notre Dame for particle cosmology theory?

    First off, my supervisor has connections at both, albeit under different forms: my supervisor postdocked at Ohio State, while he personally knows a professor at WUSTL and another research collaborator I worked with and that writes me a LOR knows another professor at WUSTL (connections at WUSTL...
  37. C

    Can we sum out the vacuum state ##|0\rangle\langle 0|## ?

    For example, when we write down the operator definition of quark fragmentation matrix element: ##\Phi_{ij} = \sum_X \int d^4 x e^{ikx}\langle 0|\psi_i(x)|P,X\rangle\langle P,X|\bar{\psi}_j(0)|0\rangle##. Can we rewrite is as: ##\Phi_{ij} = \sum_X \int d^4 x e^{ikx}\langle...
  38. J

    Find State Transition Matrix (time variant)

    Homework Statement find the state transition matrix of a time varying system where: dX/dt = A*X with A = [-1 , exp(-t - (t^2)/2) ; ; 0 , t] (Matlab format - sorry but its easier) Homework Equations How to go about solving such problems in a systematic way? The Attempt at a Solution...
  39. Q

    What is the total probability of the particle in state 'N'?

    Homework Statement State vector : | \psi \rangle = \sum_{n = - \infty}^\infty a_n| \psi \rangle where a_n= i\sqrt\frac{3}{5}{\frac{i}{4}}^{|n|/2}e^{-in\pi/2} Find the probability of the particle in Nth state. What is the total probability of the particle in 'N' negative state. Homework...
  40. A

    Engineering Solid State Physics vs Electronics Engineering

    Forgive me for asking this question if the answer is obvious. The truth is I have a BENG in electrical engineering and want to know the differences between the two. From an engineer's perspective its about knowing what you can do with the devices in a useful way and design, analyze and build the...
  41. J

    Photonic density of state in matter

    I'm a beginner in quantum optics. I always become confusing when the material's refractive index is complex. This time is about the photonic density of states. We know that if the material is not absorbing or dissipative, meaning the refractive index is a real number, the local photonic density...
  42. W

    Explore Formation of Bound State in a Delta-Function Potential Well

    Homework Statement We learned in class that a particle exposed to a 1D delta-function potential well would always have a single bound state. Let us now explore this question for the case where the delta-function potential well is situated in the vicinity of the impenetrable potential wall...
  43. B

    AC Steady State Analysis for Node V1 and V2 using Ohm's Law and KCL

    Homework Statement Find the steady state expressions in terms of Acos(wt+theta) for nodes v1 and v2. Homework Equations Ohm's law KCL Node Analysis The Attempt at a Solution Convert to phasors and find impedances-> R1= 50 Ohms R2= 30 Ohms...
  44. C

    Solid state ultrafast spectroscopy - a good research direction?

    I am interested in ultrafast optical spectroscopy of solid state materials. The unique measurements and especially the process of developing new measurement tools for the optical measurement of quantities that are hard to measure in other ways, and the learning of transferrable skills, make this...
  45. M

    Solving an Equation of State Using Compressibility & Expansivity

    Homework Statement Obtaining an equation of state from compressibility and expansivity. States of superheated steam are observed to have an isothermal compressibility k=(rNT) / (VP^2) and a volume expansivity B=(N/V)((r/P)+(am / T^m+1)). r,m and a are constants. a) Find dv in terms of dP...
  46. 2

    Deriving the ground state energy of a hydrogen atom?

    Homework Statement Hello! I am trying to derive the ground state enegry of a hydrogen atom, and have come to U=\frac{-mk_{0}^{2}Ze^{4}}{n^{2}\hbar^{2}} Problem is, I know there should e another factor of 2 in the denomenator because I get the ground state energy of hydrogen as being 27.145eV...
  47. V

    Excitation to optically forbidden state

    Can somebody please explain how electron impact can cause optically forbidden transitions in atoms and molecules ?
  48. C

    How to describe the spin state of a massless particle?

    For a massive particle, say, an electron, we can use a spin vector ##\vec{S}## to denote its spin state, and the corresponding covariant four vector ##S^\mu##. And we have ##P \cdot S = 0## in the particle rest frame, so it holds in any frame for it is an Lorentz scalor. But, what if the...
  49. M

    Analyzing Forces in the Rotor Ride at the State Fair

    Homework Statement In the Rotor Ride at the NM State Fair, passengers stand with their backs to the wall in a giant rotating drum with a radius of 10 feet. The drum is brought up to a speed of 33 1/3 RPM, and then the floor is lowered, leaving the passengers suspended above a giant hole in the...
  50. J

    Fluids with high expansion ratios that do not leave the liquid state

    Hey guys, I've been doing a lot of research looking for a fluid that has a high expansion ratio that does not leave the liquid state. the idea is that the fluid could either: - using heat will expand and contract using hot and cold cycles - using electricity (not necessarily needing...
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