What is State: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State (formally part of the state) to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Nicknamed the "Sunshine State", Ondo State is the 18th largest state in the country. The state is predominantly Yoruba, and the Yoruba language is commonly spoken. The state economy is dominated by the petroleum industry, with cocoa production, asphalt mining, and activities utilizing the state's extensive coastline also serving as major economic factors.

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  1. J

    Determine energy state difference using absorption-emission spectra

    Hello, I was wondering if someone could help clarifying this question. The question asks to estimate the energy state difference between the vibrational ground state of S0,v=0 and the first excited vibrational ground state S0,v=1 of the spectra below. The given solution: S1,v=1 -> S0,v=1 at...
  2. T

    Why Does Second Collision in Ballistic Pendulum Lead to Initial State?

    I was thinking about ballistic pendulums and the symmetry they exhibit. In the simplest case, you have one ball that begins at a certain height and collides with another ball at rest. You can calculate via conservation of momentum and energy the new velocities and max vertical displacements...
  3. J

    I Exploring CV Bell State Measurement and Entanglement Swapping

    There is something I don't understand called CV Bell state measurement. In these two experiments they get two entangled beams "by overlapping phase-squeezed light with amplitude squeezed light with a phase difference of pi/2 at a 50-50 beamsplitter" See Figure 11...
  4. CptXray

    I Coherent state evolution - nonlinear Hamiltonian

    Given the hamiltonian: \hat{H} = \hbar \omega_{0} \hat{a}^{+}\hat{a} + \chi (\hat{a}^{+}\hat{a})^2, where ##\hat{a}^{+}##, ##\hat{a}## are creation and annihilation operators. Find evolution of the state ##|\psi(t) \rangle##, knowing that initial state ##|\psi(0)\rangle = |\alpha\rangle##...
  5. H

    The energy of the first excited state of the system

    Five electrons are in a two-dimensional square potential energy well with sides of length L. The potential energy is infinite at the sides and zero inside. The single-particle energies are given by (h^2/8mL^2) (nx^2+ ny^2) where nx and ny are integers. The energy of the first excited state of...
  6. matteo137

    Continuous-variable cat state - phonon number mean and variance

    I found the mean to be $$\langle n\rangle=\vert\alpha\vert^2 \tanh(\alpha^2)$ and $\langle n^2\rangle=\vert\alpha\vert^2 \left( \alpha^2\sech(\alpha^2)^2 + \tanh(\alpha^2) \right)$$. Do you know if there is any reference where I can check if this is correct?
  7. T

    I Atom in a Decayed / Non-Decayed State

    In Sheldon Glashow's critical review of "What is Real? The Unfinished Quest for the Meaning of Quantum Physics" by Adam Becker, there is one paragraph I don't understand. In Glashow's thought experiment of a single radioactive atom in a box: My thought experiment is like Schrödinger’s, but...
  8. berkeman

    Finding expectation value of two operators in a 3 state QM system

    A recent thread by @coolcantalope was accidentally deleted by a Mentor (I won't say which one...), so to restore it we had to use the cached version from Yahoo.com. Below are the posts and replies from that thread. The cached 2-page thread can be found by searching on the thread title, and is...
  9. MahdiI84

    I Obtain the Density of State using the Green function

    Hi everyone. Using the Green function, I want to obtain the density of states of a one-dimensional (linear) lattice. Depending on the problem conditions, we will have an iterative loop with 4,000 data for the energy component and a iteration loop with 2,000 data for the wave number component. In...
  10. MahdiI84

    Fortran Density of state of a linear lattice

    PROGRAM DensityOfState IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER :: omega , t0 , a0 ,kx omega=1 ; t0 =1 ; a0=1 REAL :: kx , eta , w , ek eta=0.0015 REAL,PARAMETER :: pi=3.14 COMPLEX , PARAMETER ::i=(0,1) COMPLEX :: Energy COMPLEX :: Density COMPLEX :: GreenFunc...
  11. M

    Energy landscape in the two state model (Boltzmann distribution)

    From an excel file I can get the probability of each energy state Εi and I saw at Wikipedia that the probability of each energy is proportional with e^−Εi/KT, from this I find the energy of every micro state. Also from the formula which I found on a paper I can get a curve like the curve...
  12. C

    Engineering Find the Canonical Equation for the Dieterici Equation of State

    In Elements of Gasdynamics the author describes what he calls The Canonical Equation of State where (∂E∂S)v=T and (∂E∂V)s=−P He does a simple one for a perfect gas and uses the enthalpy(T,V) for the Canonical Equation of state. Now he asks to find the Canonical Equation of State for E(V,S)...
  13. Rzbs

    Solid State A book about the history of solid state physics

    What is the best books about the history of solid state physics? I only found this: Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters from the History of Solid State Physics by Lillian Hoddeson Are there any other books? Thanks for your suggestions
  14. M

    Engineering Converting a series connected transfer function to the state space model

    Hi, I have a question about a homework problem: I am not sure why I do not seem to get the same answers when using different methods. Question: Given transfer functions G(s) = \frac{s - 1}{s + 4} and C(s) = \frac{1}{s - 1} , find the state space models for those systems. Then find the...
  15. P

    Ising equation ground state

    The answer for triangular net is -3NJ, so D=3, although I think that it has two dimensions in spite of every atom having three near neighbours.
  16. J

    B Are energy bands in solid state timeless?

    The wave function or Schroedinger equation is timeless, correct? You can reverse the equations and forward it. Our arrow of time comes due to decoherence in macroscopic object. How about energy bands in solid state. Do you consider it as timeless wave function, or is it decohered?
  17. james228

    A Question about Color Singlet State invariance under Unitary Matrix

  18. S

    Electrical 420-450MHz, High-Low state detection (without interference).

    Hello all, Im trying to come up with a simple method (and design) for detecting (mostly and foremost next to transmitting) a (continued) HIGH or LOW state through a specific frequency, most likely in the 420-450Mhz range. Without the possibility of interference. Preferably analog, at least on...
  19. J

    A Restricted Boltzmann machine for Quantum state tomography

    I'm struggling with my Final Degree Project. I would like to perform a quantum simulation and perform quantum tomography for a single-qubit using a resrticted Boltzmann machine. In order to do so I'm trying to follow the recipe in the paper "Neural Network quantum state tomography, Giacomo...
  20. D

    Help with neutron scattering in solid state physics

    Hello fellow physicists, I have a homework assignment which is to make a scientific essay (10-15 pages long) on neutron scattering in solid state physics. Our teacher is kind of the worse and he hasn't specified what he wants it on. He just said what I'm telling you: "An essay on neutron...
  21. Mayan Fung

    I How do we know that the raising operator only raises the state by one step?

    In the simple harmonic oscillator, I was told to use the raising and lowering operator to generate the excited states from the ground state. However, I am just thinking that how do we confirm that the raising operator doesn't miss some states in between. For example, I can define a raising...
  22. S

    Converting State Vectors to Keplerian Orbital Elements for Binary Objects

    Homework Statement:: I'm working on a personal project to convert objects from a simulation using state vectors for position and velocity to Keplerian orbital elements (semimajor axis, eccentricity, argument of periapsis, etc.). However, the equations I am using do not calculate the...
  23. dasil12a

    3D Solid State Simulation Software

    How did you find PF?: Google I am studying the mechanical/electrical nature that govern certain nano-fabricated crystalline structures. Can someone with experience please recommend a 3d Solid State Simulation software that will allow me perform the following: Allows individual 3D placement...
  24. Diracobama2181

    I Ground State in Peskin and Schroeder

    In P&S, it is shown that $$e^{-iHT}\ket{0}=e^{-iH_{0}T}\ket{\Omega}\bra{\Omega}\ket{0}+\sum_{n\neq 0}e^{-iE_nT}\ket{n}\bra{n}\ket{0}$$. It is then claimed that by letting $$T\to (\infty(1-i\epsilon)) $$ that the other terms die off much quicker than $$e^{-iE_0T}$$, but my question is why is this...
  25. C

    A GR State Variables: Exploring Analogies to EM

    Hi, does general relativity have state variables, analogous to current (I), charge (Q), voltage (V), and flux (Φ) in electromagnetism? Thanks.
  26. JD_PM

    Showing that a state is unentangled under a certain condition

    This is an iff statement, so we proceed as follows ##\Rightarrow## We assume that ##|\phi \rangle## is uncorrelated. Thus the state operator must be of the form ##\hat \rho = \rho^{(1)} \otimes \rho^{(2)}## (equation ##8.16## in Ballentine's book). The spectral decomposition of the state...
  27. dRic2

    Ground state density requirement

    I've been think about it for hours but I'm really out of clue here... The only things I could think of are obvious or useless... Any help would be greatly appreciated.
  28. Zack K

    Spin probability of a particle state

    Starting with finding the probability of getting one of the states will make finding the other trivial, as the sum of their probabilities would be 1. Some confusion came because I never represented the states ##|\pm \textbf{z}\rangle## as a superposition of other states, but I guess you would...
  29. S

    Physics Solid State Physics or Quantum Electronics/Optics

    For which field is there more demand in the industry? And is knowledge of quantum electronics/optics useless without having a phd, as I see most job offers ask for a doctorate degree. Are the skills and knowledge from quantum electronics transferable to engineering positions or is what you...
  30. P

    Verifying that the uncertainty is 0 for a QM state

    By definition , ##\ket{+x} = \alpha \ket{+z} + \beta \ket{-z}.## Therefore we proceed , \begin{align*} \langle S_{x} \rangle &= \lvert \alpha \rvert^{2} \left(\frac{\hbar}{2}\right) + \lvert \beta\rvert^{2} \left(-\frac{\hbar}{2}\right) = (\alpha^{2} - \beta^{2})\left(\frac{\hbar}{2}\right).\\...
  31. ubergewehr273

    I Extraction of a particular quantum state from a quantum circuit

    Hello everyone! I'm trying to implement a quantum circuit that yields a superposition state $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (|01 \rangle + |10 \rangle)$$ I'm using parameterized gates to achieve this. I have been able to create the state $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|01\rangle + e^{i\phi} |10 \rangle)$$ Is there...
  32. S

    Probability of a state given the partition function

    If my partition function is for a continuous distribution of energy, can I simply say that the probability of my ensemble being in a state with energy ##cU## is ##e^{-\beta cU} /Z##? I believe that isn't right as my energy distribution is continuous, and I need to be integrating over small...
  33. A

    Physical state given the critical temperature and critical pressure

    Summary:: I have two substances H2O and CH3OH given at a temperature T and pressure P. I also have critical temperatures and pressures. How can I find the physical states of these substances. My teacher recommended me to use the Antoine equation and find the saturation pressure, but I can't...
  34. M

    Is the change in internal energy really a state function?

    Here is the figure: The answer is $$Q_A<Q_B$$ which I can show by calculation using the above equations. What's confusing to me is I thought that the change in internal energy was a state function. Which would mean since the initial and final points are the same, $$\Delta E_A=\Delta E_B$$ or by...
  35. allisrelative

    B Is information the 5th state of matter?

    Recent Science headlines are abuzz about a new theory. Physicists claim information is the fifth state of matter. By 2245, half of Earth’s mass could be converted to digital bits https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/information-fifth-state-matter-0252/ Digital Information Threatens...
  36. allisrelative

    B Time-reversal of an unknown quantum state

    A very interesting paper was recently released that's a follow up to the paper that talked about Time Reversal to a known state. If you remember a lot of papers talked about how they reversed time. Here's more from the new article. Basically, Schrodinger's equation is reversable and there's no...
  37. M

    MHB What is the maximum yield for a steady state solution?

    I've got a question here which I'm really unsure what the wording is asking me to do, I've calculated (5), so worked out the steady states. However question 6 has really thrown me off with it's wording, any help would be appreciated.
  38. M

    MHB Steady State Question Understanding

    I've got 2 questions here. I was able to work out question 5 and calculate the steady states. However for question 6 I've got no idea with the wording of the equation and where you would start, so any sort of help would be really helpful, cheers
  39. M

    MHB Find Steady States for Equations: u, v and Get Help with Steady State Question

    Got a steady state question and was wondering if anyone would be able to check if I'm on the right track? Find the steady states of these two equations: My working out as far: \[ 0=u*(1-u*)(a+u*)-u*v* \] \[ 0=v*(bu*-c) \] I looked at the 2nd equation first giving: \[ v*=0, u*=c/b \]...
  40. P

    A Antiferromagnetic ground state due to superexchange

    Hi all, thanks in advance for your help! For context, I'm generally new to condensed matter and many-body QM and am working through Altland and Simons' Condensed Matter Field Theory. I'm thinking in general about magnetic ordering. I've seen a Heisenberg-like spin Hamiltonian derived by...
  41. Luke_Mtt

    I Calculate a spin state as a function of the base spin states

    Practically it is said that, given two spin states |u⟩ (up) and |d⟩ (down) - which are the spin measured along the +z and -z semiaxes - such that they are orthogonal ( ⟨u|d⟩ = ⟨d|u⟩ = 0), it is possible to write any other spin states using a linear combination of these two (because they are a...
  42. Wrichik Basu

    A LHCb discovers a new tetraquark state

    In a recent paper submitted by the LHCb collaboration at arXiv, they have reported a tetraquark state composed of charm quarks and antiquarks. The statistical significance of the data is more than 5σ. The abstract: An article on this paper...
  43. Chestermiller

    Going from 1st state to 2nd through irreversible isothermal expansion

    My teacher was teaching me that how work done in isothermal reversible expansion is greater than irreversible expansion and also work done in isothermal irreversible compression is greater than that for reversible compression. He then said if someone tries to go from 1st state to the 2nd step (...
  44. O

    I Confusion about position state kets

    I am a bit confused about how kets in dirac notation are working. I read on wikipedia, that kets are linear, so |a*Φ>=a*|Φ>. Also I read (https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-05-quantum-physics-ii-fall-2013/lecture-notes/MIT8_05F13_Chap_04.pdf) that this is not true for the position state ket (...
  45. A

    Artificial virus stimulation/fabrication, what is our current state?

    I've been thinking about this but now especially with regards to Covid-19 there are a lot of theories out there starting from absolute fringe and lunacy to somewhat scientific and even ones with sources to academia. For starters not to get too long my question is, What is our current known...
  46. hilbert2

    A Ground state energy of a particle-in-a-box in coordinate scaling

    The energy spectrum of a particle in 1D box is known to be ##E_n = \frac{h^2 n^2}{8mL^2}##, with ##L## the width of the potential well. In 3D, the ground state energy of both cubic and spherical boxes is also proportional to the reciprocal square of the side length or diameter. Does this...
  47. A

    State the intervals of increase and decrease

    Is my answer correct?
  48. A

    Given the following graph, state the intervals concave down

  49. A

    Find points of inflection and state only the x values

    Since the answer wants x values only, will my answer be ##x=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, 0, and \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}##?
  50. PeroK

    I Are Hadrons and Gluons Symmetric Against Interchange of Colours?

    This is from Griffiths' Elementary Particles, section 8.4.1. By analysing the colour factor, the conclusion is that a quark/anti-quark pair attract in the colour singlet configuration: $$\frac 1 {\sqrt 3}(r\bar r + b \bar b + g \bar g)$$ And this explains (to some extent) why mesons are...
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