What is State: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State (formally part of the state) to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Nicknamed the "Sunshine State", Ondo State is the 18th largest state in the country. The state is predominantly Yoruba, and the Yoruba language is commonly spoken. The state economy is dominated by the petroleum industry, with cocoa production, asphalt mining, and activities utilizing the state's extensive coastline also serving as major economic factors.

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  1. dlgoff

    State of the Union Address by Biden

    I'm watching Biden State of the Union Address and the part I like best so far is his intention of raising Pell Grants.
  2. Kalebh03

    Schools Choosing a College for a Bachelor's in Physics: NC State vs. UNC Chapel Hill

    I need help in deciding on a college to attend for a bachelor's in physics. I live in North Carolina, and I got accepted into the following schools: Appalachian State University Georgia Tech NC State The Ohio State University Illinois Urbana-Champaign University of Maryland College Park UNC...
  3. G

    I Understanding the Irreducible Solution in Classical Harmonic Oscillators

    Hellow. I am doing an introductory to Quantum Mechanics course, and the irreducible solution appeared in the harmonic oscillator. When we talk about the irreducible solution, this is the solution as a linear combination of the eigenbasis of the system. This is understandable, however, if I have...
  4. J

    A What is the charge range for two N vacancies in a defect crystal?

    Hi, all I am studying the defect formation energy calculations for defect crystal. One vacancy have different charged state, for example one N vacancy range [0,+3], what the charge range for two N vacancies? From chemistry, two N vacancies should be have max charge: +6. However, most...
  5. K

    I Projection postulate and the state of a system

    Quantum Mechanics, McIntyre states the projection postulate as: "After a measurement of ##A## that yields the result ##a_n##,the quantum system is in a new state that is the normalized projection of the original system ket onto the ket (or kets) corresponding to the result of the measurement"...
  6. C

    Solid State Solid State Physics by Springer

    I have the opportunity to get a Springer book for free, provided that it is cheaper than 200$. I am considering an introductory one about Solid State Physics, but I have never heard about a valid one from Springer (I know about Kittel, Ashcroft and Simon only). Do you have any suggestion? Thank...
  7. P

    Scattered State Solutions of a Repulsive Dirac Delta Potential

    I feel that this problem can be directly answered from the E>0 case of the attractive Dirac delta potential -a##\delta##(x), with the same reflection and transmission coefficients. Can someone confirm this hunch of mine?
  8. Viona

    Best Solid State Physics Book for Beginners

    TL;DR Summary: Gerald Burns's book: Solid State Physics: is it good for begginers or there are best books? Hello, I am looking for the best book to study solid state physics for begginers. Some one recommended Gerald Burns's book: Solid State Physics. So, what is your opinions about this book...
  9. ergospherical

    I Physical interpretation of this coherent state

    Given the usual raising & lowering operators ##A^{\dagger}## & ##A## for a quantum harmonic oscillator, consider a coherent state ##|\alpha\rangle \equiv e^{\alpha A^{\dagger} - \bar{\alpha} A} |0\rangle##. I first check that ##|\alpha\rangle## is an eigenvector of ##A##. I already proved that...
  10. stephen8686

    I Entanglement, Mixed or Pure State?

    I have a source that says when two particles are entangled, we must describe them using the density operator because it is a mixed state. But I have another source that says that the singlet state of two spins is an entangled state, but that has a wavefunction. So could someone explain what I am...
  11. dRic2

    I Action of a symmetry operation on a Bloch state

    Generally speaking, if the Hamiltonian has a specific symmetry defined by an operator M, that is ##[H,M]=0##, when I apply such symmetry operator to a Bloch state I would expect the state to be left unchanged up to a phase: $$M\ket{ψ_{\mathbf k}}=e^{iϕ(\mathbf k)}\ket{ψ_{\mathbf k}}$$ For the...
  12. 1

    Using Variational Principle to solve ground state energy

    First I picked an arbitrary state ##|ϕ⟩=C_1|φ_1⟩+C_2|φ_2⟩+C_3|φ_3⟩## and went to use equation 1. Realizing my answer was a mess of constants and not getting me closer to a ground state energy, I abandoned that approach and went with equation two. I proceeded to calculate the following matrix...
  13. cianfa72

    I Comparing Spacetime and Thermodynamic State Space Manifolds

    Hi, I don't know if it is the right place to ask for the following: I was thinking about the difference between the notion of spacetime as 4D Lorentzian manifold and the thermodynamic state space. To me the spacetime as manifold makes sense from an 'intrinsic' point of view (let me say all the...
  14. cianfa72

    I Thermodynamic functions and state variables

    Hi, a basic doubt about thermodynamic functions and state variables. Take for instance transformations I and II in the following ##(p,V)## plane. As far as I can tell, just because the transformations are drawn as continuous lines they are reversible by definition. Namely we can transform...
  15. F

    Saving the state of a program versus running the program

    Hello Forum, I am not completely clear on the idea of saving the state of a Python program. We can write a .py program which has instructions, formulas, variables, user inputs, and uses data from an external file, etc., and run such file. However, running the program is different from saving...
  16. P

    I Quantum phase estimation - Question regarding rewriting the state

    In Nielsen and Chuang p.223 we have the following situation: $$\frac{1}{2^t} \sum\limits_{k,l=0}^{2^t-1} e^{\frac{-2\pi i k l}{2^t}} e^{2 \pi i \varphi k} |l\rangle$$ Which results from applying the inverse quantum Fourier transform to state ##\frac{1}{2^{t/2}} \sum\limits_{k=0}^{2^t-1}...
  17. mcas

    Show that an expected value of a vacuum state is equal to 1

    \langle \phi_0| \hat{c}_{-k \downarrow} \hat{c}_{k \uparrow}\hat{c}^\dagger_{k \uparrow}\hat{c}_{-k \downarrow}|\phi_0\rangle = \\ \langle \phi_0| - \hat{c}_{k \uparrow} \hat{c}_{-k \downarrow} \hat{c}^\dagger_{k \uparrow}\hat{c}_{-k \downarrow}|\phi_0\rangle = \\ \langle \phi_0| \hat{c}_{k...
  18. MichPod

    I Stern-Gerlach experiment superposition vs mixed state

    Considering SG experiment, it is usually described as if an atom in the end of its path (but before being detected on the screen) is in the superposition state, say, ##|\textsf{spin up}, \textsf{upper path}\rangle+|\textsf{spin down}, \textsf{lower path}\rangle##. Some books (Feynman lectures...
  19. W

    A Ground state of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model

    Hi, I know that the ground state of the spin-1/2 Ising model is the ordered phase (either all spin up or all spin down). But how do I actually go about deriving this from say the one-dimensional spin hamiltonian itself, without having to solve system i.e. finding the partition function? $$...
  20. fluidistic

    Steady state heat equation in a rectangle with a punkt heat source

    I have checked several textbooks about the heat equation in a rectangle and I have found none that deals with my exact problem. I have though to use separation of variables first (to no avail), then Green's function (to no avail), then simplifying the problem for example by defining a new...
  21. J

    Is the magnetic field B→. a state function and exact differential?

    is the magnetic field B→. a state function and exact differential? I argued that it's a state function, what do you guys think
  22. R

    Driven oscillator amplitude steady state X(t) = ##Asin(\omega t + \delta)##

    I found ## \frac{\gamma}{2} = 7##, ##\gamma = 14## ##\omega_0^2 = \omega_d^2 + \frac{\gamma^2}{4} = 25## ##\omega_0 = \omega = 25##, thus ##\delta = \frac{\pi}{2}## ##A = \frac{\frac{F_0}{m}}{\sqrt((\omega_0^2 - \omega^2)+ \gamma^2\omega^2)} = 0.04## Thus, ##X(t) = 0.04sin(25t + \frac{\pi}{3} -...
  23. T

    Exponential potential energy state diagram

    It is my second "energy state diagram problem" and I would want to know if I am thinking correctly. First I have done some function analysis to get a glimpse of the plot: - no roots but ##\lim\limits_{x\to-\infty}U(x)=\lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}U(x)=0## - y interception: ##U(0)=-U_0## - even...
  24. D

    A What Does Constant Fidelity in Quantum States Imply?

    I have a fidelity between the initial state and final state is 1 at t=0,1,2...etc. What does it mean physically? Does it mean that the quantum state is not evolved here. But In quantum dynamics every physical system evolves with time.
  25. D

    A Fidelity for quantum state at t=0

    fidelity for pure state with respect to t=0 is 1. My teacher told me this. But I am not getting this. This is my detailed question the initial state(t=0)##|\psi\rangle=|\alpha\rangle|0\rangle## the final state (t) ##|\chi\rangle= |i\alpha\sin(t)\rangle|cos(t)\alpha\rangle## Fidelity between the...
  26. solar energy

    I Optical proprieties of sulfur dioxide in the gaseous state

    Hi, I am a first-year university student in engineering and for this year I have to do a presentation( with related experience ) about the physical implication of geoengineering methods. The theoretical aspect seems quite understandable, my principal problem is to find a clear experience with...
  27. P

    3 Phase Harmonics and Solid State Relay Issues

    I have a 3 phase problem that I think might be applicable to this forum. The setup is equipment which contains 5 resistive heaters (A through E). The unit is powered by 208V 3 phase and each of the heaters are hooked up line to line in an unbalanced configuration as follows: L1-L2: Heater D...
  28. D

    A Cat state acting on given Hamiltonian

    For example if I consider H = (a^†)b+a(b^†), how will it act on even coherent state i.e. |α⟩+|-α⟩?. I know that |α⟩ don't act on (a^†) because |α⟩ is a eigenstate of lowering operator.
  29. S

    Steady State Thermal Analysis - Simulation

    I am simulating a hot forging process in LS-Dyna. A tool is contacting a hot workpiece for 2 sec every 10 sec (--0 sec--contact--2 sec--no contact---10 sec--) in a factory. Since this is a continuous process, the tool should, at some point, attain steady temperature. I have tried to recreate it...
  30. LCSphysicist

    The current state of physics and comparing it with the past

    Hello. As time goes by, and as i got more near to "moderns problem of physics", i have been noticing something about it. More specifficaly, the vision of the theoretical physicist that i always had is changing. This is not necessarily bad. But here is this: While my initial vision was of...
  31. llha

    I [Quantum Computing] Quantum Parallelism State Calculation

    Hi, I'm going through Nielsen and Chuang's Quantum Computation and Quantum Information textbook and I don't really understand this part about quantum parallelism: Shouldn't the resulting state be (1/sqrt(2^4)) * (|0, f(0)> + |0, f(1)> + |1, f(1)> + |1, f(0)>), since the resulting state would...
  32. M

    A Initial state of the Universe?

    [Moderator's note: Spin off from previous thread due to topic/level change.] Although the initial state of the universe is subject to much speculation, it seems to have started as all (or almost all) energy with particles being created out of photon-photon interactions.
  33. F

    I Gap between introductory physics & solid state physics?

    The left pic is the initial state and the right pics are 2 different descriptions for a metal under electric field E. Are the 2 on the right contradictory and which is correct?
  34. F

    Determine the direction of a spin state given the state

    From the relevant equation above, there is not imaginary part in the |+> state, so I multiplied the state by (1-i). The state is then : ##\Psi=(2)|+>-(1+\sqrt{3})+i(\sqrt{3}-1)|->## Then I normalize it : ##\Psi=(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}})|+>-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}(1+\sqrt{3})+i(\sqrt{3}-1)|->## From the...
  35. P

    I Do nucleons have a lower energy state when bound in a nucleus?

    But when I look at the definition of binding energy that doesn't make seem to make sense. It looks as though they had more energy when they were together and when they were separated that energy turned to mass (the mass defect)? Am I looking at this right? I also don't understand this...
  36. cemtu

    What makes up a "current" in solid state physics?

    If there is some incoming light that has hit electrons of a N-type doped silicon and broke loose these electrons from their covalent bounds and excited them to the conduction band and also excited the electrons in the donor energy level to the conduction band as well, here we know that, the...
  37. patric44

    Gibbs free energy for superconductor in intermediate state

    hi guys I am trying to derive the Gibbs free energy for a superconductor in the intermediate state , the book(Introduction to Superconductivity by A.C. Rose-Innes) just stated the equation as its : $$ G(Ha) = Vgs(0)+\frac{V\mu_{o}H_{c}}{2n}[H_{a}(2-\frac{H_{a}}{H_{c}})-H_{c}(1-n))] $$ I am not...
  38. L

    A State in the infinite potential well

    General state of the infinite potential well is that ##L^2[0,L]##, where ##L## is well width, or ##C^{\infty}_0(\mathbb{R})##?
  39. I

    I Question about No-Cloning Theorem and State Tomography

    Hi, I have a question, or am looking for clarification, about the no-cloning theorem and state tomography. My understanding is that the theorem states one cannot make an exact copy of a quantum state. I was also reading about state state tomography where it was said* 'On the other hand, the...
  40. PainterGuy

    Engineering State feedback gain for observer/estimator

    For the state equations given above calculate state feedback gain k so that the state feedback system has -1 and -2 as its poles. Then, find TF from r to y for the given state feedback system. Then create a 2 dimensional estimator where the poles of estimator are -2±2j. Finally calculate TF from...
  41. Like Tony Stark

    Determine Joule-Kelvin coefficient for gas given equations of state

    Hi ##\mu=\frac{\alpha TV–V}{N c_P}##. So, firstly, I have to calculate ##\alpha## and ##c_P##. So ##\alpha=\frac{1}{V} \frac{\partial V}{\partial T}## at constant ##P##. I can write ##U=PV##, then I replace it in the equation of ##T##, solve for ##V## and then I differentiate with respect to...
  42. I

    I Mixed states from entangled state

    I'm an undergrad in physics, and have been asking myself the following question recently. Suppose you have a pure quantum state p (von neumann entropy=0), made of 2 sub-states p1 and p2 that are entangled. Because they are entangled, p \neq p1 x p2. Hence the entanglement entropy of p (=0) is...
  43. nobodyjusttrying

    Create a Phasor Diagram for Steady State Circuits

    So all we have to do is find the current and power distribution in the steady state circuit. Create a phasor diagram. I don't exactly know how to tell it in english, but i think there is a thing I called c. & p. paths.
  44. F

    A Quintessence field equation of state

    Why the equation of state parameter w for a quintessence field with potential m²Phi² is not in between 0 and 1/3 depending on the energy of its particles relative to the mass of the field instead of the w resulting from formula 9 of https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.04037.pdf which seems to be...
  45. H

    B Term for an end state of expansion?

    Whereas a singularity is everything together, is there a name for a proposed end state after a Big Bang or something similar? Is there a name for that situation (hypothetical or not) where each elemental particle is so far from every other elemental particle that nothing affects anything...
  46. tanaygupta2000

    Integration of coherent state

    I began this solution by assuming a = x+iy since a is a complex number. So I wrote expressions of <a| and |a> in which |n><n| = I. I got the following integral: Σ 1/πn! ∫∫ dx dy exp[-(x^2 + y^2)] (x^2 + y^2)^n I I tried solving it using Integration by Parts but got stuck in the (x^2 + y^2)^n...
  47. DrPhysics

    Ibach Luth - Solid State 1.11 (QM model for Van der Waals' equation )

    Hi Everyone, can you guys please help me with the exercise attached? I knot that according to the book, van der Waals interaction is “charge fluctuations in atoms due to zero point motion.” This is correct once you understand that they are not talking about zero point motion of nuclear...
  48. Marioweee

    Is the given wave function a stationary state?

    A particle of mass m that is under the effect of a one-dimensional potential V (x) is described by the wave function: \begin{array}{c} xe^{-bx}e^{-ict/\hbar }, x \geq 0\\ 0 , x \leq 0\end{array} where $$b\geq 0,c\in R$$ and the wave function is normalized. Is it a stationary state? What can...
  49. A

    I Momentum cutoff, Lorentz violation and the vacuum state

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