Integrals Definition and 1000 Threads

I have found the following proof of remainder term for midpoint rule of integration: and I'm trying to understand the part of it where author is applying MVTI to composition of functions ##f''(\xi_i(x))## and move it out of integral sign as ##f''(\xi_i)##. If we solve Taylor's series for this...

My interest is on question ##37##. Highlighted in Red. For part (a) I have the following lines; ##\int_c A. dr = 4t(2t+3) +2t^5 + 3t^2(t^4-2t^2) dt ## ##\left[\dfrac {8t^3}{3}+ 6t^2+\dfrac{t^6}{3} + \dfrac{3t^7}{7} - \dfrac{6t^5}{5}\right]_0^1## ##=\dfrac{288}{35}## For part (b) for...

Here follows the theorem and proof: Questions: 1. I do not understand the following part "...and hence, in view of the preceding calculation, ##\int_0^\infty \int_0^\infty |e^{-st}f(\tau)g(t-\tau)|dtd\tau## converges". We know that ##\mathcal{L}\big(f(t)\big)## and...

the attempted is the above ex. i needa justify why and figure out the reason behind those relevant equations.

My question emerges from my desire to calculate the optical depth, which should be unitless, for an inhomgeneous cloud of radius ##r##. For a homogeneous medium, the optical depth can be defined in terms of the density of a cloud relative to the density of the condensed medium: $$\tau = \alpha...

I am given this expression which represents an object in 3D and the goal is to determine its volume using multiple integrals. I started by drawing what I think is the object as well as two "slices" of that object on different planes (z=2 and z=1) I have tried using cartesian, cylindrical and...

In Peskin P85: It says the Time-ordered exponential is just a notation，in my understanding, it means $$\begin{aligned} &T\left\{ \exp \left[ -i\int_{t_0}^t{d}t^{\prime}H_I\left( t^{\prime} \right) \right] \right\}\\ &\ne T\left\{ 1+(-i)\int_{t_0}^t{d}t_1H_I\left( t_1 \right)...

The integral is (dx/dt)^2 dt, where x=x(t) so it can't be just x + C. The non linear system for whom wants to know how did I get to that point is: d(dx/dt)/dt = sqrt(a^2+b^2)*sin(x+alfa+phi) - Kd*(dx/dt); where alfa = atan(a/b), phi = constant angle, Kd = constant coefficient. After...

Hello! Im given this function ## f:[-\pi/2,1] -> [0,1]## with f(x) = 1-x for x (0,1] and f(x) = cos(x) for x ##[-\pi/2,0] ## And im susposed to find the centroid of this function so xs and ys. For that I am given these 2 equations ( I found them in the notes) ## x_s =\frac{1}{A}...

Hi PF There goes the quote: The Basic Area Problem In this section we are going to consider how to find the area of the region ##R## lying under the graph ##y=f(x)## of a nonnegative-valued, continous function ##f##, above the ##x##-axis and between the vertical lines ##x=a## and ##x=b##, where...

Reading the introduction to path integrals given in the latest edition of Zee's "Quantum field theory in a nutshell", I have found a remark which I don't really understand. The author is evaluating the free particle propagator ##K(q_f, t; q_i, 0)## $$\langle q_f\lvert e^{-iHt}\lvert q_i...

Let ##a, b##, and ##c## be real numbers such that ##a## and ##c## are positive and ##ac > b^2##. Evaluate the double integral $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-ax^2 - 2bxy - cy^2}\, dx\, dy$$

So I want to subtract the two surfaces, right? I really don't know where to start... I am guessing this would be some sort of triple integral, however I am very confused with the bounds. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Thanks!!

My answer:

Evaluate, with proof, the definite integral $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{e^{ax}}{1 + e^x}\, dx$$ where ##0 < a < 1##.

I edited this to remove some details/attempts that I no longer think are correct or helpful. But my core issue is I have never seen this approach to approximating integrals that is used in the attached textbook image. Any more details on what is happening here, or advice on where to learn more...

I was reading Mechanics by Landau and Lifshitz and I am confused when it is stated in chapter 2 section 6 that one of the integrals of motion is not independent and it can be considered an additive constant of time. Hence I tried searching it up online...

I don't have any idea to answer these questions. I am working on it by searching the reference books where similar questions have been solved by authors. Meanwhile, any member of Physics Forums may help me in answering these questions.

So we have a system of N non interacting particles, on a d-dimensional space, the system is in contact with a bath of temperature T. The hamiltonian is $$H = \sum_{l = 1}^{N} (A_{l}|p_{l}|^{s}+B_{l}|q_{l}|^{s})$$. What is the avarage energy? Now, i have some problems with statistical...

I want to know how did author derive the red underlined term in the following Example?

In Vanderlinde page 171-172, the author derives the vector potential for the magnetic dipole (and free currents) \begin{align} \vec{A}(\vec{r}) &=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi} \int_{\tau} \frac{\vec{J}\left(\vec{r}^{\prime}\right) d^{3}...

I’m doing some brainstorming for a note I’m writing, I would appreciate it if anybody knows interesting integrals of the form $$\int_{t=0}^\infty t^{\alpha - 1} e^{-t} F(z, e^{-t})\, dt=G( z, \alpha )$$ where ##z## and ##\alpha## are complex parameters and the solution ##G(z, \alpha )## is...

Summary: Find the volume V of the solid inside both ## x^2 + y^2 + z^2 =4## and ## x^2 +y^2 =1## My attempt to answer this question: given ## x^2 + y^2 +z^2 =4; x^2 + y^2 =1 \therefore z^2 =3 \Rightarrow z=\sqrt{3}## ## \displaystyle\iiint\limits_R 1dV =...

The Q is all in the title. I’ve been working on Selberg integrals, curious if Alpha can help me?

In Feynman’s path integrals, there is: ∫dq″Π0(t″,t′;q″,q′)=1 What is the funny pi looking symbol?

If we solve the L.H.S. of this equation, we get ## \frac{(b-a)^3}{6}## and if we solve R.H.S. of this equation, we get ##-\frac{2b^3-3ba^2 +a^3}{6}## So, how can we say, this equation is valid? By the way, how can we use the hint given by the author here?

Find the volume V of the solid S bounded by the three coordinate planes, bounded above by the plane x + y + z = 2, and bounded below by the z = x + y. How to answer this question using triple integrals? How to draw sketch of this problem here ?

I’ve written an insight article on what I think is original material (at least I’ve not seen it in my reading nor google): A Novel Technique of Calculating Unit Hypercube Integrals I am looking first for someone that can follow my work, I’ve had some mathematicians look over it but none whose...

I wonder if the following makes sense. Suppose we want to multiply ##\int_0^\infty e^x dx\cdot\int_0^\infty e^x dx##. The partial sums of these improper integrals are ##\int_0^x e^x dx=e^x-1##. Now we multiply the germs at infinity of these partial sums: ##(e^x-1)(e^x-1)=-2 e^x+e^{2 x}+1##...

Been struggling with a few integrals, I might post a few more once I progress further in my assignment. $$1. \int \sqrt{tanx} + \sqrt{cotx} (dx)$$ Attempt1: for integral 1, I try to apply integration by parts on both ##\sqrt{tanx}## and ##\sqrt{cotx}## separately, I then get $$\int...

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Hello, For my own amusement, I am deriving the eqations for various roulettes, i.e. a the trace of a curve rolling on another curve. When considering rolling ellipses, I encounter equations containing elliptic integrals (of the second kind) that need to be inverted. For example, here is one...

I have no idea where to even start with this, please help. I barely even know what integral of motion means.

Attempt: Note we must have that ## f>0 ## and ## g>0 ## from some place or ## f<0 ## and ## g<0 ## from some place or ## g ,f ## have the same sign in ## [ 1, +\infty) ##. Otherwise, we'd have that there are infinitely many ##x's ## where ##g,f ## differ and sign so we can chose a...

I cannot seem to start answering the question as a result of the path not being provided. How do I solve this when the path is not provided? See picture below

Hi, So my goal is to compute the integral of the "curl" of the vector field ##A_i(x_i)## over a 2-dimensional surface. Following a physics book that I am reading, I introduce the antisymmetric 2-nd rank tensor ##\Omega_{ij}##, defined as: $$\Omega_{ij} = \frac {\partial A_i}{\partial x_j} -...

This question arises from Carroll's Appendix I on the parallel propagator where he shows that, in matrix notation, it is given...

Can you recommend introductory physics book for high school that contains E & M ? It should not have any integrals.

I'm having a problem solving this, My approach is solving $x_1$ as a variable and rest as constants first and then going on further. But it is getting too lengthy. Is there any short method?

a) First off, I computed the integral \begin{align*} Z(\lambda) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dx \exp\left( -\frac{x^2}{2!}-\frac{\lambda}{4!}x^4\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dx \exp\left( -\frac{x^2}{2!}\right) \exp\left(...

Why the physicists have troubles with infinities in many physical theories, such as quantum gravity? Why cannot they just use divergent integrals and regularize or renormalize them in the end so to obtain finite values? I mean, operations on divergent integrals are not a problem, and techniques...

Hey! :giggle: I want to check if the following integrals converge or diverge. 1 . $\displaystyle{\int_0^{+\infty}t^2e^{-t^2}\, dt}$ 2. $\displaystyle{\int_e^{+\infty}\frac{1}{t^n\ln t}\, dt, \ n\in \{1,2\}}$ 3. $\displaystyle{\int_0^{+\infty}\frac{\sin t}{\sqrt{t}}\, dt}$ 4...

Hello everyone ! I am new to this site so I 'd better say hello to you all ! I am finishing my BR in physics and part of this ending is to deliver a thesis . Long story short I must compute path-integrals in SU(2) and SU(3) pure yang-mills fields . Problem is that i was never very good with...

Why this integral is called elliptic? I(k)=\int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_0(1-k^2\sin^2 \varphi)^{-\frac{1}{2}}d \varphi

Mentor note: The OP has been notified that more of an effort must be shown in future posts. These two are equal to each other, but I can't figure out how they can be that. I know that 2 can be taken out if its in the function, but where does the 2 come from here?

If i do a double integral of 1.dxdy to find an area of an odd function eg. y=x from +a to -a i get zero because the area below the x-axis cancels with the area above the x-axis. If i do a double integral of a circle centred at the origin i get the area to be πr2 ; so why doesn't the area below...

I learned that, because ##du \, dv = \frac{\partial(u,v)}{\partial(x,y)} dx \, dy##, if you set ##u=y## and ##v=x## then you get that ##dx \, dy = - dy \, dx##. And that the product of two differentials is a wedge product, which is antisymmetric. If coordinates are orthogonal, then ##dx \, dy =...

My attempt is below. Could somebody please check if everything is correct? Thanks in advance!

Hi, I want to make sure my understanding of calculating surface integrals of vector fields is accurate. It was never presented this way in a textbook, but I put this together from pieces of knowledge. To my understanding, surface integrals can be calculated in four different ways (depending on...

The following 3 pages are extract from the book: "CALCULUS VOL II" by Tom M. Apostol My interpretation of these 3 pages is worked out in the attached PDF file. Entirely done in propositional logic language. Can anyone point out the mistakes or incorrect logical steps (if any) in the attached...