Transition Definition and 496 Threads

Summary: The transition Sn(s, gray) ⇌ Sn(s, white) is in equilibrium at 18°C and 1 atm pressure. If ΔS = 8.811K mol for the transition at 18°C and if the densities are 5.75 g/cm3 for gray tin and 7.28 g/cm3 for white tin, calculate the transition temperature under 100 atm pressure The...

Suppose, I have a Markov Chain as follows: ##S=\{1, 2\}## ## \alpha = \begin{bmatrix} 0.5&0.5\end{bmatrix} ## ## P = \begin{bmatrix} 0.5&0.5\\ 0&1 \end{bmatrix} ## And, the following data regarding 5 steps of Markov Chain taken 12 times: Steps 1 2 3 4 5...

I just discovered this website and want to thank everyone who is willing to contribute some of their time to help me. I appreciate it more than you know First off, assume that state 1 is Chinese and that state 2 is Greek, and state 3 is Italian. A student never eats the same kind of food for 2...

Hi guys, I'm having an issue at the minute with rolled coil steel, cracking and fracturing when being rolled into a profile. The material certs are within ISO specification, i.e. chemical composition analysis and the mechanical properties etc. The carbon equivalent may be a little high, but...

Consider a multi-electron atom. (In our course we deal with alkalis mostly so that we have energy levels which are similar to the hydrogenic ones with quantum defect. I don't know if that is relevant here) Edit: l = orbital angular momentum of a single electron, L = total orbital angular...

I come across this question in a textbook. Somehow my result is way off from the solution answer. I used the energy formula for particle in a box with n(Initial) = 22 and n(End) = 23, the calculated box length is 732 pm. I arrived at an answer of 39.3 nm. The answer from the answer book is but...

Homework Statement One way to establish which transitions are forbidden is to compute the expectation value of the electron’s position vector r using wave functions for both the initial and final states in the transition. That is, compute ∫ΨfrΨidτ where τ represents an integral over all space...

Does all transition metals have their n2 and ( n-1)d orbitals as valence electrons? I have been scouring the internet to the answer of this question but have mixed results. Iron has an electron configuration of: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s2,3d6 Aparantly it has 8 valence electrons because 4s2 + 3d6 =...

On the right hand side the voltage changes polarity everytime, now, that I 'earth' one of the wire, its now called Neutral, which is 0V(for convenience), and voltage alters in the live wire between +240/-240. My question is this transition true and instant? * and if you could help, I don't...

hello everybody does always phase undergoes transition when a pressure applied on a crystal ?even when the temperature is constant? and can pressure be increased without increasing temperature for a crystal? best regards Nawzad

I’ve been a school teacher for 6 years, and I want to get into coding. I’ve been told by a CS professor I know that my background is very sought after in the tech industry, and I would be very competitive if I got into coding. Is this true? What’s the best route, bootcamp, nanodegree, etc.? What...

Hi all, the question is as follows: 1. Homework Statement From the energy level diagram for OH in the study guide, it can be seen that the first rotationally excited level of OH (2∏3=2 J =5\2) lies 120 K above the groundstate. What is the wavelength of radiation associated with a transition...

Homework Statement LiCl flame test is red. a) define what process b)and transition between which energy levels?2. The attempt at a solution a)I believe that the process would be emission, as photons are emitted when energy is released b)n=2 to n=1 I assumed that that would be the lowest energy...

I have Abstract Algebra Course, and my teacher is using the book, "Abstract Algebra" of David S. Dummit, and Richard M.Foote. This book, and other books which my teachers are using for the courses, seem to give definitions, theorems, and problems, in no historical order or are not mentioning the...

I’m currently self-studying from Feynman & Hibbs Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals, but having trouble with a statement in the chapter on time-dependent perturbations. Background: They define $$V_{mn}(t_c) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \phi_m^*(x_c)V(x_c,t_c)\phi_n(x_c)\,dx_c,$$ where V(x,t) is...

Homework Statement "Consider a system with three states, ##|1\rangle , |2\rangle ,|3\rangle ## with energies ##\hbar \omega_1 , \hbar \omega_2 , \hbar \omega_3 ##. the states are then separated by ##\hbar \omega_3 -\hbar \omega_1 = \hbar \omega_{13}## and ## \hbar \omega_3-\hbar \omega_2= \hbar...

Homework Statement Prove the following relation for which clausius equation holds : Cs=Cp-αV(ΔH/ΔV) Where Cs=∂q/∂T at constant S and is the heat capacity in the coexistence line of 2 phases Homework Equations dq=dU+dW dP/dT=ΔH/(ΔV*T) The Attempt at a Solution I do not fully understand why q...

I am in the rather unique and exciting position of being able to design an extension curriculum for some gifted Physics students who are in their final year of high school. The goal of the curriculum is to help prepare them for university physics with tools and ways of thinking, without just...

1. Homework Statement show that tthe transition energy can depend on the number of molecules in the quantum dot according to: E∝1/N^2/3 in a intro course to nanotechnology class the prof gave us this question and said that "its very easy" but i wasnt able to prove this. can someone give me...

Here is a Science News article on life's transition from single cellular to multi-cellular life. This is an important transition in the evolution of more complex life forms. Unlike situations like the origin of life and the generation of eukaryotic life forms, the transition ot multicellular...

Hi all, I'm trying to find a mathematical way of showing that given a complete set $$\left |a_i\right \rangle_{i=1}^{i=dim(H)}∈H$$ together with the usual property of $$\left |\psi\right \rangle = ∑_i \left \langle a_i\right|\left |\psi\right \rangle\left |a_i\right \rangle ∀ \left...

Is it true that the laminar to turbulent flow transition has been finally solved? From what I've read, it seems to be well described by the Directed Percolation Model. I can hardly believe it since I haven't seen the news in the press (from my point of view, it's a long standing unsolved issue...

Hello Everyone, I was really curious to know what really is Mott Transition and How it works. I searched for hours but couldn't find any helpful answer. Somewhere it was suggested that it is a bridge between Quantum and Classical Mechanics and it is due to electron interaction where electron...

Thought experiment: single use of "magic" Setup: Let's assume we have a giant ball of water in space. Magic: Let's assume the water does not compress its center under its own gravity. (Constant density of 1 g/cm^3) Basic stuff: The mass of this ball of water, (since it does not compress)...

I shall calculate the 2p → 1s transition energies for hydrogen, deuterium (one proton plus one neutron in the nucleus), and positronium (bound state of an electron and a positron). My problem with this exercise is that I couldn't find a formula to calculate the transition energies. Can someone...

How well is the transition between energy and mass understood? Energy can turn into matter and matter can turn into energy but what is actually happening between the two states? Imagining that matter just simply appears and disappears under an infinitesimal amount of time feels weird to me.

Homework Statement The question is attached below Homework Equations $$P_{i \to n}(t)=\frac{|4H_{ni}|^2}{|E_{n}-E_{i}|^2}\sin^2\bigg[ \frac{(E_n-E_i)t}{2\hbar} \bigg]$$The Attempt at a Solution for simplicity I kept k=1 I don't know whether my approach is correct. That is I am not sure...

I am not able to understand why compounds have colour. I have read that it is due to excitation of electrons from one atomic/Molecular orbital to another because of which certain wavelengths are absorbed, And we can see the "complementary colour" of those wavelengths. What I don't understand is...

I would just like to understand how to use the above Dirac energy equation to calculate (for example) the 1s-2s transition frequency in hydgrogen. Does one substitute n=1, j=0 for 1s energy level and n=2, j=0 for 2s energy level ? From previous reading I understand the mass referred to in the...

Hello everybody. I am trying to understand better what happens at a liquid-gas phase transition for the Van Der Waals model. From what I have understood, from the Van Der Waals model we are able to plot the curve P(V) and to calculate the free energy F. Here are such curves : Then, we...

I suppose the answer is no, since there is no reason to believe that it does. Or is there any? Has this been tested experimentally? Or is there an obvious reason that it does or does not?

Homework Statement I am identifying equations on the final exam equation sheet for my quantum II class. I've identified them all except this one, what I am guessing is a transition rate for some kind of emission or absorption of radiation case. Please help me identify the physical situation...

Hey! :o An octopus is trained to chosose from two objects A and B always the object A. Repeated training shows the octopus both objects, if the octopus chooses object A, he will be rewarded. The octopus can be in 3 levels of training: Level 1: He can not remember which object was rewarded...

The selection rule for rotational spectra ##ΔJ = ±1##. Is it always true for the emission part of rotation spectra ##ΔJ = -1## and how?

1. The problem statement, all variables, and given/known data After thinking over your beloved but erratic instructor’s lectures on the Bohr model of the atom, you come to the sad but inevitable conclusion that he has, yet again, lied to you. You have been taught that to make an electronic...

Is it possible for a transition between two atomic states to proceed by emission of gravitational, rather than electromagnetic, radiation?

Hello, I have heard that one of most acceptable theory (or hypothesis) describing the inflation phase of universe is that energy to this stage is drawn from phase transition when strong interaction is separated from "preinteraction" (when all interactions were undistinguishable) Do you agree...

Hello guys, I am trying to understand the following experiment: 1. Prepare a 2 level atom in state |0> 2. Shine in a Pi/2 pulse --> atom goes to 1/√2 (|0>+|1>) 3. Wait time T 4. Shine in second Pi/2 pulse a) if the state is pure: atom will go to state |1>, p1=1 b) if the state is...

Hello! I have the following problem I'm trying to solve: Homework Statement An Hydrogen atom in the state |100> is found between the plates of a capacitor, where the electric field (weak and uniform) is: E(t) = \epsilon e^{-\alpha t / \tau}. Calculate the parameters of the potential...

Homework Statement Find the transition matrix ##P## of a transformation defined as ##T:ℝ_2→ℝ_3## ##T:\begin{bmatrix}a\\b\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}a+2b\\-a\\b\end{bmatrix}## For basis ##B=\begin{bmatrix}1\\2\end{bmatrix},\begin{bmatrix}3\\-1\end{bmatrix}##...

Hello everybody :) I have a problem understanding the different types of pi -> pi * transition of organic compounds. I can't understand what's the difference between K-band, B- band, and E-bands, and I cannot find any explanation on the internet. Also I don't understand why benzene has two E...

Hi ! In my class we have an exercise that I technically understand but that I can't get conceptually. We have trois molecules (naphtalene, anthracene, tétracene). Considering each molecule as infinite quantum well of length 2L(naphtalene), 3L(anthracene) and 4L(tetracene), we would like to...

Dear all, I have a question about one of the values presented in a paper, which is crucial in calculating energy transfer probability between two Yb3+ ions. This is the paper: T. Kushida, "Energy Transfer and Cooperative Optical Transitions in Rare-Earth Doped Inorganic Materials. I...

Homework Statement Define a simple random walk Yn on a finite state space S = {0, 1, 2, . . . , N} to be a random process that • increases by 1, when possible, with probability p, • decreases by 1, when possible, with probability 1 − p, and • remains unchanged otherwise. (a) Specify the...

Homework Statement [/B] The population is 50 The diseases is known to follow SIS dynamics with the following probabilities The number of infected individuals increases with probability 0.1 and it decreases with probability 0.05 the probability that nothing happens is 0.85 a) what is the...

Hello! I just started reading a book about QFT by Peskin (it was recommended by one of my physics professor and I saw that MIT course on QFT also uses it). However they start right away with Klein-Gordon equation suggesting that I should be familiar with it. I took 2 classes on quantum mechanics...

Dear forum, let me tell you my story: I hold a BSc degree in petrochemical engineering. I'm 25 years old. I finished my university studies 4 years ago, graduated with honors and have been working in the industry ever since. I have a good job with a decent salary, I can buy stuff and support my...

Restricting to finite dimensional QP, suppose a system is in a state S1, an experiment is done, and state S2 is one of the eigenstates (assume all eigenvalues are distinct). The probability that the system transitions from S1 to S2 is p = Trace( S1*S2), using state operator notation. On the...

Homework Statement Let ##B_1 = {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1\\ 0 \end{bmatrix}}, {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 0\\ 0 \end{bmatrix}}, {\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}} ## and ##B_2 = {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}}, {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1\\ -1 \end{bmatrix}}...

TL;DR: My professor asked me to graph the probability that a particle would be excited from the ground state to a stationary state with a certain energy E (y-axis) verse the energy of that new state (x-axis). I need help finding this probability as a function of E. Probability=|<ΨE|P|Ψg>|2 P is...