How can O- and COO- act as an electron releasing group in a π system?

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O negative and COO negative groups act as electron-releasing groups through resonance, similar to alkyl groups. The discussion highlights that these groups have significant electron density on their functional groups, allowing them to connect with the conjugated pi system of aromatic compounds. This resonance can enhance electron density in the aromatic system, often outweighing the effects of electronegativity. Understanding the resonance structures is crucial for grasping how these groups influence the activation or deactivation of aromatic compounds.
Frigus
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can anyone explain me how O negative and COO negative acts as electron releasing group,I understood how alkyl groups acts as electron releasing group but I can't understand this
 
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Are you referring to activation/deactivation of aromatics? It might help to write out the possible resonance structures. At any rate, for both species, there is a large electron density on the functional group that can form a somewhat continuous connection with the conjugated pi system of the aromatic group.
 
Through resonance of the pi orbitals. Sometimes resonance is more important than electronegativity.
 

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