A runner aims to finish a 10,000 m race in under 30 minutes but has 1100 m left after running for 27 minutes at a speed of 5.494 m/s. To determine how long the runner must accelerate at 0.20 m/s² to meet the time goal, the discussion highlights the need to calculate the distance covered during acceleration and the time left after acceleration. The equations of motion are used to relate the initial velocity, acceleration, and the total time of 180 seconds available for the final stretch. The conversation emphasizes the importance of correctly setting up equations to isolate the unknown time of acceleration. Ultimately, the focus is on solving for the time required to accelerate before maintaining a constant speed to complete the race within the desired time.